NSG 5003 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WK 1 (CH 1–3)
NURSING COURSE 2025 2026
COURSE VERIFIED QUESTIONS
EXAM
1. A patient presents with redness, heat, swelling, and pain at a surgical incision
site. What is the primary underlying mechanism responsible for the redness and
heat?
A) Increased capillary permeability
B) Vasodilation
C) Leukocyte chemotaxis
D) Mast cell degranulation
Correct Answer: B) Vasodilation
Rationale: Redness (rubor) and heat (calor) result from vasodilation, which increases
blood flow to the injured area. Increased permeability (A) causes edema (swelling).
Chemotaxis (C) is the movement of leukocytes to the site. Mast cell degranulation (D)
releases histamine, which causes vasodilation and permeability, but vasodilation is the
direct mechanism for redness and heat.
2. Which cell type is the first to arrive at the site of acute bacterial infection?
A) Macrophages
B) Lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Eosinophils
,Correct Answer: C) Neutrophils
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation, especially for
bacterial infections. Macrophages (A) arrive later and are also involved in chronic
inflammation. Lymphocytes (B) are central to adaptive immunity. Eosinophils (D) are
primarily involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
3. A patient with a history of asthma experiences bronchospasm and airway
constriction after exposure to pollen. Which immunoglobulin is primarily
responsible for this reaction?
A) IgA
B) IgM
C) IgG
D) IgE
Correct Answer: D) IgE
Rationale: IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, triggering degranulation and release of
histamine and leukotrienes, causing bronchospasm and vasodilation. IgA (A) is found in
mucous membranes. IgM (B) is the first antibody in primary infection. IgG (C) is the most
abundant and involved in opsonization and secondary response.
4. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
A) Unregulated cell death causing inflammation
B) Programmed cell death without inflammation
C) Cell death due to ischemia
D) Necrotic cell death from toxins
,Correct Answer: B) Programmed cell death without inflammation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled, energy-dependent process that eliminates
damaged or unwanted cells without triggering inflammation. Unregulated cell death
with inflammation (A, C, D) describes necrosis.
5. A patient develops a hemolytic transfusion reaction after receiving the wrong
blood type. This is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV
Correct Answer: B) Type II
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity is cytotoxic, mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies
targeting antigens on cell surfaces (e.g., RBCs in mismatched transfusion, autoimmune
hemolytic anemia). Type I (A) is IgE-mediated. Type III (C) involves immune complex
deposition. Type IV (D) is T-cell mediated.
6. Which inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability during the immediate inflammatory response?
A) Leukotrienes
B) Prostaglandins
C) Histamine
D) Cytokines
Correct Answer: C) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine, released from mast cells, causes immediate vasodilation and
, increased permeability. Leukotrienes (A) cause prolonged bronchospasm and
permeability. Prostaglandins (B) cause pain and fever. Cytokines (D) regulate immune
cell communication.
7. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) develops glomerulonephritis
due to deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in the kidney. This represents
which type of hypersensitivity?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV
Correct Answer: C) Type III
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex deposition in tissues (e.g.,
kidneys, joints, blood vessels), leading to complement activation and inflammation. SLE,
post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and serum sickness are classic examples.
8. Which cell type is responsible for presenting antigens to helper T cells to initiate
the adaptive immune response?
A) Neutrophils
B) Natural killer cells
C) Macrophages
D) Basophils
Correct Answer: C) Macrophages
Rationale: Macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that process
and present antigens via MHC class II to CD4+ helper T cells. Neutrophils (A) are
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WK 1 (CH 1–3)
NURSING COURSE 2025 2026
COURSE VERIFIED QUESTIONS
EXAM
1. A patient presents with redness, heat, swelling, and pain at a surgical incision
site. What is the primary underlying mechanism responsible for the redness and
heat?
A) Increased capillary permeability
B) Vasodilation
C) Leukocyte chemotaxis
D) Mast cell degranulation
Correct Answer: B) Vasodilation
Rationale: Redness (rubor) and heat (calor) result from vasodilation, which increases
blood flow to the injured area. Increased permeability (A) causes edema (swelling).
Chemotaxis (C) is the movement of leukocytes to the site. Mast cell degranulation (D)
releases histamine, which causes vasodilation and permeability, but vasodilation is the
direct mechanism for redness and heat.
2. Which cell type is the first to arrive at the site of acute bacterial infection?
A) Macrophages
B) Lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Eosinophils
,Correct Answer: C) Neutrophils
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation, especially for
bacterial infections. Macrophages (A) arrive later and are also involved in chronic
inflammation. Lymphocytes (B) are central to adaptive immunity. Eosinophils (D) are
primarily involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
3. A patient with a history of asthma experiences bronchospasm and airway
constriction after exposure to pollen. Which immunoglobulin is primarily
responsible for this reaction?
A) IgA
B) IgM
C) IgG
D) IgE
Correct Answer: D) IgE
Rationale: IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, triggering degranulation and release of
histamine and leukotrienes, causing bronchospasm and vasodilation. IgA (A) is found in
mucous membranes. IgM (B) is the first antibody in primary infection. IgG (C) is the most
abundant and involved in opsonization and secondary response.
4. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
A) Unregulated cell death causing inflammation
B) Programmed cell death without inflammation
C) Cell death due to ischemia
D) Necrotic cell death from toxins
,Correct Answer: B) Programmed cell death without inflammation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled, energy-dependent process that eliminates
damaged or unwanted cells without triggering inflammation. Unregulated cell death
with inflammation (A, C, D) describes necrosis.
5. A patient develops a hemolytic transfusion reaction after receiving the wrong
blood type. This is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV
Correct Answer: B) Type II
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity is cytotoxic, mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies
targeting antigens on cell surfaces (e.g., RBCs in mismatched transfusion, autoimmune
hemolytic anemia). Type I (A) is IgE-mediated. Type III (C) involves immune complex
deposition. Type IV (D) is T-cell mediated.
6. Which inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability during the immediate inflammatory response?
A) Leukotrienes
B) Prostaglandins
C) Histamine
D) Cytokines
Correct Answer: C) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine, released from mast cells, causes immediate vasodilation and
, increased permeability. Leukotrienes (A) cause prolonged bronchospasm and
permeability. Prostaglandins (B) cause pain and fever. Cytokines (D) regulate immune
cell communication.
7. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) develops glomerulonephritis
due to deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in the kidney. This represents
which type of hypersensitivity?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV
Correct Answer: C) Type III
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex deposition in tissues (e.g.,
kidneys, joints, blood vessels), leading to complement activation and inflammation. SLE,
post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and serum sickness are classic examples.
8. Which cell type is responsible for presenting antigens to helper T cells to initiate
the adaptive immune response?
A) Neutrophils
B) Natural killer cells
C) Macrophages
D) Basophils
Correct Answer: C) Macrophages
Rationale: Macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that process
and present antigens via MHC class II to CD4+ helper T cells. Neutrophils (A) are
