Module 1: BIOD 103/ BIOD103 (NEW 2026/ 2027 Update) Medical Terminology | Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate Solutions)- Portage Learning

…..DLDD Module 1: BIOD 103/ BIOD103 (NEW 2026/ 2027 Update) Medical Terminology | Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate Solutions)- Portage Learning Q. What are units of hereditary information? ANSWER Genes Q. Which is a characteristic of a good hypothesis? ANSWER It is falsifiable Q. Suppose we want to examine the effect of a fertilizer on the size of zucchini produced, and therefore, we need to establish the experimental and control groups. The control group for this experiment would be defined under which conditions? ANSWER soil, water, sun, and zucchini seeds Q. The human body is made up of specialized cells that perform different functions. For example, a neuron is a specialized cell of the nervous system that receives and transmits signals throughout the body. To perform these tasks, the neuron uniquely possesses branched protoplasmic protrusions, called dendrites and axons, which conduct the signals to and from its cell body. This illustrates which of the five major biological themes? ANSWER interrelation of structure and function in biological systems Q. An organism that reproduces asexually produces genetically variable offspring. ANSWER False Q. Which statement best describes autotrophic organisms? ANSWER Autotrophs synthesize macromolecules from CO2, water, and energy. Q. Which statement concerning a scientific theory is FALSE? ANSWER It is unchangeable. Q. What is an end product of cellular respiration? ANSWER carbon dioxide Q. What is a distinct characteristic of asexual reproduction? ANSWER a cell splitting into identical halves Q. All of the genes present in a population make up its gene pool. ANSWER True Q. Systems biology is also called integrative biology. ANSWER True Q. What is the smallest chemical unit that retains the characteristic properties of a given element? ANSWER atom Q. Which statement best describes the cell theory? ANSWER All living organisms are composed of basic units called cells Q. Which tool is used by researchers to rapidly and inexpensively edit genetic material? ANSWER CRISPR Q. When tissues organize, what do they form? ANSWER an organ Q. Which technology has been used to successfully deactivate specific human genes, modify yeasts for biofuel production, and modify agricultural crop? ANSWER CRISPR/Cas9 Q. A DNA molecule is made up of ANSWER nucleotides Q. Which is a byproduct of photosynthesis? ANSWER oxygen Q. Which best describes a result of sexual reproduction? ANSWER Two sex cells combine to form a fertilized cell. Q. A falsifiable hypothesis cannot be tested. ANSWER False Q. By definition, an organism that is eukaryotic ANSWER possesses a nucleus Q. The scientific name for coffee is Coffea arabica. More specifically, the species name is arabica. ANSWER False Q. Which sequence represents the pattern of energy flow within an ecosystem? ANSWER producers → consumers → decomposers Q. One of the conclusions drawn from Darwinʼs theory of evolution is that: ANSWER organisms living today descended from previously existing forms Q. Which organizational unit includes the fewest species of organisms? ANSWER population Q. During an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group? ANSWER To ensure that the results observed in the experimental group is due to the variable being tested Q. An organism that is neither prokaryotic nor photosynthetic, and must obtain its nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into the environment, belongs to which group of organisms? ANSWER Fungi Q. Suppose a particular protein is produced in excess of the cellʼs needs. What kind of mechanism will intervene to stop production? ANSWER homeostatic Q. Which is a benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? ANSWER The interaction of the genes from both parents allows genetic variation. Q. What are inherited characteristics that enhance an organismʼs ability to survive in its environment? ANSWER adaptations Q. To which phylum do humans belong? ANSWER Chordata Q. What statement best describes "biology"? ANSWER The science of life Q. What is a subspecialty of systematics and is the science of naming and classifying organisms? ANSWER taxonomy With deductive reasoning, you draw conclusions from specific observations. False Which cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles? prokaryotic cells In deductive reasoning, we begin with ____ and make ____ based on that information. premises; conclusions You discover an organism that is eukaryotic, unicellular, and photosynthetic. Based on this evidence, to which group would you assign this organism? Protists What would be the ultimate effect on an ecosystem if decomposers were eliminated? All life would eventually cease due to a lack of available nutrients. Similar orders are placed in the same class True Match the group of organisms with the correct example. bread mold: fungi chimpanzee: animals oak tree: plants prokaryotes: plants unicellular eukaryotes: protists Consider the statement "biological systems interact." What does this mean? Biological organisms are interdependent. In living organisms, chemical reactions responsible for growth, repair, and nutrition are collectively referred to as: metabolism The primary purpose of homeostasis is to maintain a constant internal environment The two domains of prokaryotes are Bacteria and Fungi. False Match the organism to the role it plays in the energy cycle: fungi: decomposer plant: primary producer bird: secondary consumer caterpillar: primary consumer What is the purpose of the cilia and flagella of cells? They provide movement for the cell. Which process is most directly associated with the theory of evolution? Populations changing over time Using the Linnaean system of nomenclature, corn is named Zea mays. What is the specific epithet in this name? mays What is a branching diagram that depicts the relationships among organisms based on shared characteristics? cladogram Which scenario best describes a double-blind study? Neither the investigator nor the subjects know who is in the experimental or control groups. Similar families of organisms are next grouped together in the same: order CRISPR research can decrease the spread of what type of disease? Zika and other mosquito-borne diseases Information in living organisms is transmitted by which mechanism(s)? genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters Identify three of the five basic themes in biology: I. The cellular composition of life II. The evolution of life III. The interactions of living systems IV. The mechanisms of disease V. The transmission of information II, III, and V Changing your view of reality involves a paradigm shift. True What did Aristotle believe? Species were fixed creations arranged by their complexity and unchanging How science challenged young earth theory? - species today were different than fossils - physical evidence of geology through time descent with modification principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time what is underlying mechanism of descent with modification? Natural Selection Adaptation Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments natural selection Individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than others because of those traits what scientist also came up with theory of natural selection? Wallace What does natural selection lead to? new species due to adaptation What are four testable postulates of Natural selection? - Trait variation - Variation in survival and reproduction (fitness) - Covariation between traits and fitness - Inheritance of trait variation Unity of Life the descent of all organisms from an ancestor that lived in the remote past Diversity of life adaptation of populations of organisms to different ways of life and environments Why are there gaps in phylogenetic trees? species extinction What is artificial selection? selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring What evidence supports natural selection - artificial selection - members of a population vary in the traits they inherit - species produce more offspring than the environment can support, therefor some fail to survive and reproduce - individuals with better traits tend to leave more offspring and then they reproduce - unequal ability for individuals to survive, leads to favourable traits in population Soapberry beatles - experiment to prove natural selection - adapted to have longer beaks due to introduced fruit that had nector farther in flower Drug resistant bacteria strains of a bacterium that have adapted and are no longer controlled or killed by normal antibiotic treatment Homology similarity resulting from common ancestry Example of homologous structures - forelimbs of mammals, humans, cats, whales, bats - variation in structure in common ancestor convergent evolution the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages example of convergent evolution flying squirrel and sugar glider analogous structures similarities among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution what does fossil record tell us - organisms have changed over time - many species extinct Biogeogrpahy Study of past and present distribution of organisms Pangea A supercontinent containing all of Earth's land that existed about 225 million years ago. genetic variation Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments sources of genetic variation Mutations, Genetic Recombination in sexual reproduction, and lateral gene transfer. New alleles arise by mutation, a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA chromosomal rearrangements change in the order of DNA sequence along one or more chromosomes rapid reproduction mutation rates are low in animals (1 in every 100,000 genes per generation) and high in bacteria (higher in viruses) Short generation times allow mutations to accumulate faster Why is HIV hard to treat - generation time of 2 days - high mutation rate - develope resistance to drugs Mutation a random error in gene replication that leads to a change Sources of mutations - Different base pair - insertion or deletion of DNA - Duplication - Structural changes (translocation or inversion) Translocation Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome. phenotypic variation - differences in appearance or function that are passed from generation to generation - must have genetic variation random mating no selective mating in which animals chose mate depending on phenotype Examples of random mating - Fish release sperm and eggs into water - wind carries plant pollen to other flowers Allele selection in random mating each sperm and each egg has same probability of carrying each allele Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium - condition in which a population's allele frequencies for a given trait do not change from generation to generation - evolution not occuring Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 1. No mutations 2. Random mating 3. No natural selection 4. Extremely large population size 5. No gene flow sampling error - decreases with larger population size - the difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time random bias occurs when - samples are small cause of sampling error in nature - founder effect - bottlenecks effect - genetic drift founder effect genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area bottleneck effect a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size Causes of bottleneck effect - forest fire, earthquake, etc. - leads to low genetic diversity example of bottleneck effect The greater prairie chicken once numbered in the millions but was reduced to about 50 birds in Illinois by 1993 A survey of the DNA of the surviving chickens with DNA extracted from museum specimens dating back to the 1930s showed a loss of 30% of alleles. genetic drift A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. Effects of Genetic Drift -Genetic Drift is significant in small populations -Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random -Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations -Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed example of genetic drift British colonizer who carries the blindness allele gene flow - Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population - reduces genetic variation between populations example of gene flow - lake erie water snake - land snake swimming to island, make for not totally adapted island snakes due to gene flow relative fitness the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals adaptive evolution a process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency in a population over time unit of evolution - population - individuals cannot evolve directional selection - occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait - shifts phenotypic character in one direction distruptive selection Natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of traits. example of directional selection pine beetle adapts to colder temperature Example of distruptive selection seed cracker finches, favours large and think beak but not intermediate stabilizing selection Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes example of stabilizing selection human birth weight Balancing selection natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population Issues with natural selection - selection can only act on existing variations - evolution is limited by historical constraints - adaptations are often compromises - chance and the environment interact sexual selection A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. sexual dimorphism Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. example of sexual dimorphism peacocks intrasexual selection selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex example of intrasexual selection head butting of bighorn sheep what are the different species definitions - biological species concept - morphological species concept - ecological species concept - phylogenetic species concept Speciation The process by which one species splits into two or more species Microevolution Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. Macroevolution Evolutionary change above the species level. biological species concept Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring. limit to biological species concept - asexual reproduction - fossil records morphological species concept characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features ecological species concept species in terms of ecological niche phylogenetic species concept defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor reproductive isolation Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring reproductive isolation causes - geological - sexual selection prezygotic barriers Barriers that impede mating or hinder fertilization. examples of prezygotic barriers habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation habitat isolation populations live in different habitats and do not meet temporal isolation Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes behavioral isolation isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior mechanical isolation Morphological differences prevent fertilization. genetic isolation when genetic differences are too great for organisms to breed successfully postzygotic barriers Barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a fertile adult. examples of postzygotic barriers reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown hybrid breakdown Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile. allopatric speciation The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. dispersal - the movement of organisms from one place to another - island effect Vicariance allopatric speciation that seperates a species into two regions sympatric speciation The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area Example of sympatric speciation flies that breed on different fruits that ripen at different times therefor creating temporal isolation Polyploidy - condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes - common in plants - new species can arise Hybrid zone a geographic region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry Clein provides evidence of substantial genetic change between species How long does speciation take 4,000 to 40 million years, rarely less than 500,000 punctuated equilibrium periods of apparent stasis than by sudden change genetic speciation - changes in single gene can cause reproductive isolation - example, gene that controls the way a snails shell spirals, causes mechanical reproductive barrier What is the origin of life - joining of small amino acids - these join to make proteins and nucleic acids Protocells droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings What is the fossil record? fossils preserved in sedimentary rock layers, called strata Amber fossilized tree sap strength of fossil record - documents how species arose from existing ones weaknesses of the fossil record -not all species leave fossils -fossil record is incomplete - plants do not leave fossils - feathers and other things do not fossilize well 5 Milestones in earths history 1. first life 2. first eukaryote 3. first multicellular organism 4. endosymbiosis 5. colonization of land first life 3.5 billion years ago, inorganic, organic, self-replicating, aggregations, progenotes first eukaryotes -many progenotes, isolation of genetic material -1.8 bya -emerged from within an archaea First multicellular organism FECA, protist oxygen revolution - O2 produced from photosynthesis (cyanobacteria) - 2.7 billion years ago colonization of land - 500 mya for plants, animals and fungi - symbiotic relationships with fungi essential - plants only colonized land once (algae) why do plants have wax on leaves prevent dehydration reason for flux in speciation, extinction, radiation 1. plate tectonics 2. five big mass extinctions 3. adaptive radiation adaptive radiation - An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species - example mammals after the extinction of dinosaurs genetic divergence - refers to fixed genetic differences between species - can cause morphological changes heterochrony Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development. homeotic genes Genes that determine basic features of where a body part is. Taxonomy classification of organisms evolutionary systematics uses data from DNA to determine organism relationships branch point represents the divergence of two species Sister taxon/taxa closest relative of another--come from common ancestral node rooted the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree basal taxa a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group Eutherians placental mammals Monophyletic (clade) consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants paraphyletic consist of ancestral species but NOT all descendants polyphyletic consists of group whose common ancestor is not in group shared derived character trait shared by organisms but not their common ancestor, hair in mammals molecular clock organisms acquire mutations at a steady rate horizontal gene transfer The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms. phylogram A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in the various lineages Cladogram Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms Differences in the types of pollinators that visit the flowers of closely related plant species might be responsible for pre-zygotic reproductive isolation true Continental drift was associated with a dramatic increase in the rate of speciation primarily through vicariance false All genetic variation results in phenotypic variation but not all phenotypic variation results from genetic variation False Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic differences among individuals True The nucleus of the eukaryotic cell likely originated via endosymbiosis False Genetic drift results from the movement of genes from one place to another False New variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus seem to arise from the previously dominant variant False Bacterial genotypes that are genetically resistant to a class of antibiotics, when cultured in the absence of antibiotics, usually suffer lower fitness than genotypes susceptible to antibiotics False For vertebrates the molecular clock cannot be successfully calibrated with the fossil record False You've been studying natural selection on body size in the fall peeper, a small frog that hatches in the spring from eggs laid the previous fall, grows all summer, reproduces and lays eggs in late October, and then dies. In summer 2020, you measured body size of a very large sample of male peepers and you return in the fall to measure the body size of males that you observe in the act of mating with females. Which of these results suggest would stabilizing selection on body size? No difference in mean body size but the variability of body size is lower in fall than summer Which of the following types of trait character changes provide the most information for testing hypotheses about the evolutionary phylogeny of species?? Shared derived character states Extrapolating what we know about the history of live on Earth to other potentially life-supporting planet in our galaxy, who would you send on a mission to discover extra-terrestrial life? A bacteriologist Reinforcement selection favouring traits that reduce the incidence of hybridization compensatory evolution Natural selection should favor genetic changes that help to lessen the cost of resistance in an antibiotic free environment, and bring it's fitness closer to that of the susceptible strains.