MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM
1: WUNDERLICH LATEST
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS 100%
GUARANTEED PASS
Indications of dehydration - correct answer Marked water deficit is manifested by S & S of
dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight
loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be normal or decreased.
Symptoms/signs of hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness and postural
hypotension, may be present.
Thirst: Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
Vulnerable populations to FVD:
--Infants: 75-80% TBW
--Obese: fat is water repelling
--Older: thirst sensation is diminished
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial
space because the [fill in the blank]: - correct answer ...capillary hydrostatic pressure
(influenced by the Cardiac system) is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
Oncotic pressure - correct answer Heavily influenced by plasma proteins.
,Low plasma albumin - correct answer ______ causes edema as a result of a reduction in plasma
oncotic pressure.
Natriuretic peptides - correct answer They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and
water retention. Natriuretic peptides are hormones that include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
produced by the myocardial atria, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced by the myocardial
ventricles, and urodilatin within the kidney. Natriuretic peptides decrease blood pressure and
increase sodium and water excretion. (ANTAGONIST OF THE RAAS)
RAAS - Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system - correct answer When circulating blood volume
or blood pressure is reduced, renin, an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the
kidney, is released in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and decreased perfusion of the
renal vasculature.
Increase in plasma osmolarity - correct answer ADH: Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
and the perception of thirst are stimulated by an increase in __________
What does Na+ do? - correct answer Regulator of fluids; maintenance of neuromuscular
irritability for conduction of nerve impulses (134-145)
Clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia - correct answer confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and comma
Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extravascular space in an effort to restore
fluid balance.
BRAIN: The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood vessels,
causing brain cells to shrink. Cerebral hemorrhage from stretching/contraction of veins.
Manifestations and causes of hyponatremia (less than 135) - correct answer Pure sodium
deficits: diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea.
, Dilutional hyponatremias: hypotonic IV solutions (post-op)
Diseases: Kidney failure, Heart failure; liver failure (ascites)
S & S: headache, lethargy, confusion; seizures, coma
Role of potassium (K+) - correct answer Major determinant of the resting membrane potential
necessary for transmission of nerve impulses.
The ratio of K + in the ICF to K + in the ECF is the major determinant of the resting membrane
potential, which is necessary for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses,
maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
Causes of hyperkalemia - correct answer Renal failure and Addison's disease (decreased
production of aldosterone thus body holds onto K+). Hyperkalemia should be investigated when
there is a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison disease, use of
potassium salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis.
If extracellular potassium concentration increases without a significant change in intracellular
potassium, the resting membrane potential becomes more positive (i.e., changes from -90 to -
80 mV) and the cell membrane is hypopolarized (the inside of the cell becomes less negative or
partially depolarized (increase excitability - demonstrated with Tall-peaked T waves). Page 118
Why do hyperkaliemia and acidosis often occur together? - correct answer In states of acidosis,
hydrogen ions shift into the cells in exchange for ICF potassium.
How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? - correct answer Insulin transports potassium from
the blood to the cell along with glucose. Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma
potassium levels by stimulating the Na + , K + -ATPase pump, thereby promoting the movement
1: WUNDERLICH LATEST
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS 100%
GUARANTEED PASS
Indications of dehydration - correct answer Marked water deficit is manifested by S & S of
dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight
loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be normal or decreased.
Symptoms/signs of hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness and postural
hypotension, may be present.
Thirst: Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
Vulnerable populations to FVD:
--Infants: 75-80% TBW
--Obese: fat is water repelling
--Older: thirst sensation is diminished
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial
space because the [fill in the blank]: - correct answer ...capillary hydrostatic pressure
(influenced by the Cardiac system) is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
Oncotic pressure - correct answer Heavily influenced by plasma proteins.
,Low plasma albumin - correct answer ______ causes edema as a result of a reduction in plasma
oncotic pressure.
Natriuretic peptides - correct answer They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and
water retention. Natriuretic peptides are hormones that include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
produced by the myocardial atria, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced by the myocardial
ventricles, and urodilatin within the kidney. Natriuretic peptides decrease blood pressure and
increase sodium and water excretion. (ANTAGONIST OF THE RAAS)
RAAS - Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system - correct answer When circulating blood volume
or blood pressure is reduced, renin, an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the
kidney, is released in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and decreased perfusion of the
renal vasculature.
Increase in plasma osmolarity - correct answer ADH: Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
and the perception of thirst are stimulated by an increase in __________
What does Na+ do? - correct answer Regulator of fluids; maintenance of neuromuscular
irritability for conduction of nerve impulses (134-145)
Clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia - correct answer confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and comma
Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extravascular space in an effort to restore
fluid balance.
BRAIN: The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood vessels,
causing brain cells to shrink. Cerebral hemorrhage from stretching/contraction of veins.
Manifestations and causes of hyponatremia (less than 135) - correct answer Pure sodium
deficits: diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea.
, Dilutional hyponatremias: hypotonic IV solutions (post-op)
Diseases: Kidney failure, Heart failure; liver failure (ascites)
S & S: headache, lethargy, confusion; seizures, coma
Role of potassium (K+) - correct answer Major determinant of the resting membrane potential
necessary for transmission of nerve impulses.
The ratio of K + in the ICF to K + in the ECF is the major determinant of the resting membrane
potential, which is necessary for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses,
maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
Causes of hyperkalemia - correct answer Renal failure and Addison's disease (decreased
production of aldosterone thus body holds onto K+). Hyperkalemia should be investigated when
there is a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison disease, use of
potassium salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis.
If extracellular potassium concentration increases without a significant change in intracellular
potassium, the resting membrane potential becomes more positive (i.e., changes from -90 to -
80 mV) and the cell membrane is hypopolarized (the inside of the cell becomes less negative or
partially depolarized (increase excitability - demonstrated with Tall-peaked T waves). Page 118
Why do hyperkaliemia and acidosis often occur together? - correct answer In states of acidosis,
hydrogen ions shift into the cells in exchange for ICF potassium.
How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? - correct answer Insulin transports potassium from
the blood to the cell along with glucose. Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma
potassium levels by stimulating the Na + , K + -ATPase pump, thereby promoting the movement
