Genetics & Evolution Exam 4 : Recombinant DNA Engineering, Transgenic
Bacteria & Plants, PCR Amplification, STR Profiling, Stem Cells (Totipotent &
Pluripotent), Cloning, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, DNA Probes, Mutation,
Natural & Artificial Selection, Directional/Disruptive/Stabilizing Selection,
Balanced Polymorphism, Sexual Dimorphism, Genetic Drift, Founder &
Bottleneck Effects, Gene Flow, Nonrandom Mating, Fossil Records,
Relative/Absolute/Radiometric Dating, Biogeography, Plate Tectonics,
Homologous & Analogous Structures, Convergent Evolution, Vestigial Traits,
Speciation (Allopatric & Sympatric), Polyploidy, Adaptive Radiation, Extinction,
Phylogenetics & Cladograms, Taxonomic Classification, Reproductive Isolation
(Prezygotic & Postzygotic) Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete
A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Recombinant DNA
genetic material joined together from multiple sources (typically different species)
transgenic organism
organism containing DNA from multiple species
,Transgenic bacteria
Uptake recombinant DNA
Transgenic Plants
Recombinant DNA from a transgenic bacteria that infect the plant's cells
Transgenic Animals
Recombinant DNA from viruses that infect gamete or fertilized egg of animal
DNA sequencing
the process of determining the precise order of the nucleotides within a DNA molecule
Purpose of PCR
Produces millions of copies of a selected DNA sequence. Used by researchers to make enough
DNA for experiments, genetic testing, etc.
Components needed for PCR
, Nucleotides, Primers, Target DNA, DNA Polymerase
DNA Profiling
uses the most variable parts of the genome to detect genetic differences between individuals
(ex: can use STR's)
short tandem repeats (STRs)
Sequences of a few nucleotides that are repeated in noncoding regions of DNA
Why are STRs more useful than whole genome sequencing?
It uses regions that are highly variable so can detect genetic differences using a lot less
information and thus is cheaper. Genome sequencing is very expensive and produces a massive
amount of information since is sequences all the DNA
Applications of STR in genetic profiling
Can be used in forensic testing to determine who committed a crime, if it is a missing person,
parentage testing, etc. If given a sample of DNA from a crime scene and DNA from suspects,
look for a match to STR data between crime scene DNA and suspects. Ex: Both have 5 STR
repeats
Stem Cells
undifferentiated cell that divides to give rise to additional stem cells and cells that specialize
Bacteria & Plants, PCR Amplification, STR Profiling, Stem Cells (Totipotent &
Pluripotent), Cloning, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, DNA Probes, Mutation,
Natural & Artificial Selection, Directional/Disruptive/Stabilizing Selection,
Balanced Polymorphism, Sexual Dimorphism, Genetic Drift, Founder &
Bottleneck Effects, Gene Flow, Nonrandom Mating, Fossil Records,
Relative/Absolute/Radiometric Dating, Biogeography, Plate Tectonics,
Homologous & Analogous Structures, Convergent Evolution, Vestigial Traits,
Speciation (Allopatric & Sympatric), Polyploidy, Adaptive Radiation, Extinction,
Phylogenetics & Cladograms, Taxonomic Classification, Reproductive Isolation
(Prezygotic & Postzygotic) Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete
A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Recombinant DNA
genetic material joined together from multiple sources (typically different species)
transgenic organism
organism containing DNA from multiple species
,Transgenic bacteria
Uptake recombinant DNA
Transgenic Plants
Recombinant DNA from a transgenic bacteria that infect the plant's cells
Transgenic Animals
Recombinant DNA from viruses that infect gamete or fertilized egg of animal
DNA sequencing
the process of determining the precise order of the nucleotides within a DNA molecule
Purpose of PCR
Produces millions of copies of a selected DNA sequence. Used by researchers to make enough
DNA for experiments, genetic testing, etc.
Components needed for PCR
, Nucleotides, Primers, Target DNA, DNA Polymerase
DNA Profiling
uses the most variable parts of the genome to detect genetic differences between individuals
(ex: can use STR's)
short tandem repeats (STRs)
Sequences of a few nucleotides that are repeated in noncoding regions of DNA
Why are STRs more useful than whole genome sequencing?
It uses regions that are highly variable so can detect genetic differences using a lot less
information and thus is cheaper. Genome sequencing is very expensive and produces a massive
amount of information since is sequences all the DNA
Applications of STR in genetic profiling
Can be used in forensic testing to determine who committed a crime, if it is a missing person,
parentage testing, etc. If given a sample of DNA from a crime scene and DNA from suspects,
look for a match to STR data between crime scene DNA and suspects. Ex: Both have 5 STR
repeats
Stem Cells
undifferentiated cell that divides to give rise to additional stem cells and cells that specialize
