NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Complete
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026 | A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED
‣ Atrophy -✓✓E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular
organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
‣ Hyperplasia -✓✓E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of
local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
‣ Dysplasia -✓✓E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
‣ Metaplasia -✓✓E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and
growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker
or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
‣ Hypoxia injury -✓✓E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
‣ Free radical and ROS -✓✓E. normal byproduct of ATP production,
will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
‣ Ethanol -✓✓E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
,C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine,
PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to
liver failure irreversible
‣ Oncosis -✓✓Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
‣ Fatty Infiltration -✓✓intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
‣ dystrophic calcification -✓✓accumulation of Ca in dead or dying
tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
‣ metastatic calcification -✓✓accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
‣ urate accumulation -✓✓sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues-
group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty
arthritis, tophus, nephritis
‣ Coagulative Necrosis -✓✓kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
, ‣ Liquefactive Necrosis -✓✓nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
‣ Caseous Necrosis -✓✓lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
‣ Fat Necrosis -✓✓breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
‣ Gangrenous Necrosis -✓✓Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
‣ Gout -✓✓E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30
years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and
joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in
cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
‣ Rhabdomyolysis -✓✓E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing
accumulation of intracellular sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death.
Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration;
s/s: CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-
brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure
‣ Alpha Fetoprotein Origin -✓✓Liver and germ cell tumors
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026 | A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED
‣ Atrophy -✓✓E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular
organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
‣ Hyperplasia -✓✓E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of
local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
‣ Dysplasia -✓✓E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
‣ Metaplasia -✓✓E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and
growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker
or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
‣ Hypoxia injury -✓✓E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
‣ Free radical and ROS -✓✓E. normal byproduct of ATP production,
will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
‣ Ethanol -✓✓E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
,C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine,
PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to
liver failure irreversible
‣ Oncosis -✓✓Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
‣ Fatty Infiltration -✓✓intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
‣ dystrophic calcification -✓✓accumulation of Ca in dead or dying
tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
‣ metastatic calcification -✓✓accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
‣ urate accumulation -✓✓sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues-
group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty
arthritis, tophus, nephritis
‣ Coagulative Necrosis -✓✓kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
, ‣ Liquefactive Necrosis -✓✓nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
‣ Caseous Necrosis -✓✓lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
‣ Fat Necrosis -✓✓breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
‣ Gangrenous Necrosis -✓✓Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
‣ Gout -✓✓E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30
years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and
joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in
cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
‣ Rhabdomyolysis -✓✓E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing
accumulation of intracellular sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death.
Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration;
s/s: CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-
brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure
‣ Alpha Fetoprotein Origin -✓✓Liver and germ cell tumors
