Biology Major Field Test Study Set
1. "4 Biomolecules and Monomers: Protein (amino acids) Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol
and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
2. dipeptides: two amino acids bonded together
3. what is the general fatty acid formula: CH3(CH2)nCOOH where n= an even number between 12 and
24
4. explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats: saturated: only single bonds in hydro- carbon
chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds
5. glycerides: glycerol and 3 fatty acids
6. Levels of Protein Structure: 1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets 3. bonding b/w a.a.
side chains 4. multi-subunit structure
7. nucleotide is composed of: phosphate group; sugar group; nitrogenous base
8. Vmax: maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is saturated with enzyme
9. Feedback Inhibition: end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn. blocks original enz.
10. Competitive Inhibition: molecules compete with substrate for enzyme's active sites
11. irreversible inhibitors: chemically and covalently bind to active site; rendering it permanently inactive
12. psuedoirreversible inhibitors: extremely high affinities for active site; hard to displace
1
, 13. noncompetitive inhibitors: do not compete for active site but act elsewhere on enz.; altering 3D shape
14. photosynthesis: anabolic process that converts sunlight into energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP,
then more permanently stored in bonds of organic carbon compounds
15. electron transport chain: series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane which pass
electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one side of the membrane, creating a proton gradient
16. chemiosmosis: the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient, to generate energy. The ATP synthase
enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the gradient to store energy by converting ADP to ATP
17. ATP: Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that stores energy in it's phosphate bonds.
18. fermentation: glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the formation of ethanol or lactic acid, to make ATP.
It does not include the Kreb's cycle (producing CO2) or the ETC.
19. occluding/tight junctions: nothing can diffuse between cells or past junction
20. anchoring junctions: physical joining so cells do not shear away
21. communicating junctions: gap junctions are formed by proteins called connexins that allow for
undisrupted and very fast signal transmission
22. plasmodesmata: plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions
23. G-actin: globular monomer
24. F-actin: long filament
25. microtubules: cellular conveyor belts
2
1. "4 Biomolecules and Monomers: Protein (amino acids) Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol
and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
2. dipeptides: two amino acids bonded together
3. what is the general fatty acid formula: CH3(CH2)nCOOH where n= an even number between 12 and
24
4. explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats: saturated: only single bonds in hydro- carbon
chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds
5. glycerides: glycerol and 3 fatty acids
6. Levels of Protein Structure: 1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets 3. bonding b/w a.a.
side chains 4. multi-subunit structure
7. nucleotide is composed of: phosphate group; sugar group; nitrogenous base
8. Vmax: maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is saturated with enzyme
9. Feedback Inhibition: end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn. blocks original enz.
10. Competitive Inhibition: molecules compete with substrate for enzyme's active sites
11. irreversible inhibitors: chemically and covalently bind to active site; rendering it permanently inactive
12. psuedoirreversible inhibitors: extremely high affinities for active site; hard to displace
1
, 13. noncompetitive inhibitors: do not compete for active site but act elsewhere on enz.; altering 3D shape
14. photosynthesis: anabolic process that converts sunlight into energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP,
then more permanently stored in bonds of organic carbon compounds
15. electron transport chain: series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane which pass
electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one side of the membrane, creating a proton gradient
16. chemiosmosis: the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient, to generate energy. The ATP synthase
enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the gradient to store energy by converting ADP to ATP
17. ATP: Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that stores energy in it's phosphate bonds.
18. fermentation: glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the formation of ethanol or lactic acid, to make ATP.
It does not include the Kreb's cycle (producing CO2) or the ETC.
19. occluding/tight junctions: nothing can diffuse between cells or past junction
20. anchoring junctions: physical joining so cells do not shear away
21. communicating junctions: gap junctions are formed by proteins called connexins that allow for
undisrupted and very fast signal transmission
22. plasmodesmata: plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions
23. G-actin: globular monomer
24. F-actin: long filament
25. microtubules: cellular conveyor belts
2
