BIO 102 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 (GRADED A+) - PORTAGE
LEARNING
While the ____ strand requires multiple RNA primer sequences,
the ___ stand only requires one RNA primer.
Lagging, leading
How does selective degradation act as a regulatory process?
Proteins may be "tagged" for degradation and destruction as a
mechanism of regulating gene expression.
Which modification to the pre-mrna involves the addition of a
guanine nucleotide that has been modified by the attachment
of phosphates?
5' cap
The precise sequence of genetic information is called the ____ ,
while the observable characteristics are collectively known as
a ____.
Genotype, phenotype
List stages of translation in order of occurrence...
,1. Initiation, 2. Elongation, 3. Termination
During the elongation phase of transcription, the polymerase
unwinds the ____ in small sections (10-20 nucleotides at a time,
and ____ nucleotides are added complimentarily to the
template DNA nucleotides.
DNA, RNA
Which part of the DNA strand encodes for a "start" signal, at
which the process of replication will initiated by proteins that
recognize and bind those sequences?
Origin of replication
Which part of RNA is synthesized from a complementary DNA
strand an contains the exact sequence of DNA that dicatates
"how" to build a protein?
MRNA
How does Epigenetic inheritance occur?
Occurs when chromatin modifications affect a trait and those
effects are passed to future generations.
,How has telomere length been implicated in the treatment of
cancer?
In essence, telomere shortening may gave a protective effect
by limiting the number of times a somatic cell may replicate.
Conversely, telomerase activity, which is usually restricted to
germ cells, has been found to be abnormally high in somatic
cell tumors. Telomerase activity within these cells may provide
a pathway for cancer cells to replicate indefinitely since the
telomere length is artificially preserved.
Alternative splicing
Post-transcriptional regulation
___ occurs when other proteins identify inappropriately
mismatched nucleotides and replace with the correct
nucleotide.
Mismatch repair
Polyadenylation sequence
Immediately signals the end of transcription once transcribed.
Deletion mutation
Occurs from the loss of nucleotides within a gene
, Nonsense mutation
Occurs when a point mutation turns the intended codon into a
'stop' codon
Missense mutation
Occurs when one amino acid is replaced with another.
Point mutations
Occurs when a single nucleotide is changed within a gene
Describe the two phases of the cell cycle.
Interphase and mitotic phase... Interphase consists of G1, S,
and G2 phases. G1 and G2 are the gap phases that are
characterized by cell growth, such as protein and organelle
production. S-phase (synthesis) is the time during which
chromosomes are duplicated and essential DNA information is
replicated to be passed to daughter cells during mitosis.
Mitosis is the division of genetic material and can be broken
down into 5 subphases... Prophase, metaphase, prometaphase,
anaphase and telophase.
Origin of replication
LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 (GRADED A+) - PORTAGE
LEARNING
While the ____ strand requires multiple RNA primer sequences,
the ___ stand only requires one RNA primer.
Lagging, leading
How does selective degradation act as a regulatory process?
Proteins may be "tagged" for degradation and destruction as a
mechanism of regulating gene expression.
Which modification to the pre-mrna involves the addition of a
guanine nucleotide that has been modified by the attachment
of phosphates?
5' cap
The precise sequence of genetic information is called the ____ ,
while the observable characteristics are collectively known as
a ____.
Genotype, phenotype
List stages of translation in order of occurrence...
,1. Initiation, 2. Elongation, 3. Termination
During the elongation phase of transcription, the polymerase
unwinds the ____ in small sections (10-20 nucleotides at a time,
and ____ nucleotides are added complimentarily to the
template DNA nucleotides.
DNA, RNA
Which part of the DNA strand encodes for a "start" signal, at
which the process of replication will initiated by proteins that
recognize and bind those sequences?
Origin of replication
Which part of RNA is synthesized from a complementary DNA
strand an contains the exact sequence of DNA that dicatates
"how" to build a protein?
MRNA
How does Epigenetic inheritance occur?
Occurs when chromatin modifications affect a trait and those
effects are passed to future generations.
,How has telomere length been implicated in the treatment of
cancer?
In essence, telomere shortening may gave a protective effect
by limiting the number of times a somatic cell may replicate.
Conversely, telomerase activity, which is usually restricted to
germ cells, has been found to be abnormally high in somatic
cell tumors. Telomerase activity within these cells may provide
a pathway for cancer cells to replicate indefinitely since the
telomere length is artificially preserved.
Alternative splicing
Post-transcriptional regulation
___ occurs when other proteins identify inappropriately
mismatched nucleotides and replace with the correct
nucleotide.
Mismatch repair
Polyadenylation sequence
Immediately signals the end of transcription once transcribed.
Deletion mutation
Occurs from the loss of nucleotides within a gene
, Nonsense mutation
Occurs when a point mutation turns the intended codon into a
'stop' codon
Missense mutation
Occurs when one amino acid is replaced with another.
Point mutations
Occurs when a single nucleotide is changed within a gene
Describe the two phases of the cell cycle.
Interphase and mitotic phase... Interphase consists of G1, S,
and G2 phases. G1 and G2 are the gap phases that are
characterized by cell growth, such as protein and organelle
production. S-phase (synthesis) is the time during which
chromosomes are duplicated and essential DNA information is
replicated to be passed to daughter cells during mitosis.
Mitosis is the division of genetic material and can be broken
down into 5 subphases... Prophase, metaphase, prometaphase,
anaphase and telophase.
Origin of replication
