BioS255 comprehensive exam perfect study guide
1. Function of nervous system: -Control of body's internal environment to maintain 'homeostasis'
-Programming of spinal cord reflexes
-Memory and learning
-Voluntary control of movement
2. Positive & negative feedback: A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in
the same direction.
A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
3. The name of the joint in the ankle: talocrural joint
4. characteristics of epithelial tissue: cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, regeneration
5. Properties of synovial joints: **Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid,
ligaments**
-Involve movement between joints
The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule.
-The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant between the bones.
-Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.
6. 3 protein fibers in connective tissues: collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
7. chondroitin sulfate: provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels
8. Sacrum— ileum: answer
9. Keratin: A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails
1/
6
, 10. Sweat glands location and function: Eccrine glands: help to maintain homoeostasis, primarily by
stabilizing body temperature. Smaller glands and excretes on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks) Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the
gland tubule. ((armpit, groin, nipple area)
11. Hard palate bone: -formed by maxilla and palatine bones
12. The shaft of the bone is called: End-> Epiphysis
Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis
13. Articular process of bone: limits rotation
14. What happens during osteoclasts: Osteoclasts are responsible for aged bone resorption
osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation
15. 5 steps of endochondral ossification: 1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix begins to calcify
2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface
3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage
4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center
5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify
16. Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle: Sarcomere
17. Steps that occur during muscle contraction: 1)Action potential generated, which stimulates
muscle
2) Ca2+ released
3) Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites
4) Myosin cross bridges attach & detach, pulling actin filaments toward center (requires ATP)
2/
6
1. Function of nervous system: -Control of body's internal environment to maintain 'homeostasis'
-Programming of spinal cord reflexes
-Memory and learning
-Voluntary control of movement
2. Positive & negative feedback: A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in
the same direction.
A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
3. The name of the joint in the ankle: talocrural joint
4. characteristics of epithelial tissue: cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, regeneration
5. Properties of synovial joints: **Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid,
ligaments**
-Involve movement between joints
The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule.
-The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant between the bones.
-Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.
6. 3 protein fibers in connective tissues: collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
7. chondroitin sulfate: provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels
8. Sacrum— ileum: answer
9. Keratin: A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails
1/
6
, 10. Sweat glands location and function: Eccrine glands: help to maintain homoeostasis, primarily by
stabilizing body temperature. Smaller glands and excretes on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks) Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the
gland tubule. ((armpit, groin, nipple area)
11. Hard palate bone: -formed by maxilla and palatine bones
12. The shaft of the bone is called: End-> Epiphysis
Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis
13. Articular process of bone: limits rotation
14. What happens during osteoclasts: Osteoclasts are responsible for aged bone resorption
osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation
15. 5 steps of endochondral ossification: 1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix begins to calcify
2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface
3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage
4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center
5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify
16. Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle: Sarcomere
17. Steps that occur during muscle contraction: 1)Action potential generated, which stimulates
muscle
2) Ca2+ released
3) Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites
4) Myosin cross bridges attach & detach, pulling actin filaments toward center (requires ATP)
2/
6
