HEP 3600 STUDY SHEET SOLVED
QUESTIONS 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
>> Icterus
Answer: What is the BIGGEST finding on clinical exam with hepatic disease?
>> CBC, Chem, UA
Answer: What is a "minimum database"
>> Microcytosis (from impaired transport of iron)
Answer: What type of RBC changes occur with hepatobiliary disease from portosystemic shunts?
>> Iron deficiency anemia, portosystemic shunting (NO anemia), GI bleed
Answer: What 3 things cause microcytosis?
>> Hemolytic anemia
Answer: What might cause regenerative MACROCYTIC anemia if the patient is jaundice?
>> Poiklocytes, acanthocytes
Answer: What SHAPE might RBC be in animals with portosystemic shunts or hepatobiliary disease?
>> ALT, AST
Answer: What are the two Chem. markers that measure hepatocellular membrane damage/leakage?
>> SAP (ALP), GGT
Answer: What are the two Chem. markers that measure the biliary tract and cholestasis?
>> Hepatocytes (fairly specific for liver cell injury)
Answer: WHERE is ALT normally found?
>> Extent of hepatic injury
Answer: The magnitude of ALT elevation on chem. tells you extent of hepatic injury OR
prognosis/reversibility?
>> note: this is because it is also found in muscle especially in the dog, making it less specific than
ALT
Answer: AST is more reliable predictor of hepatocellular damage in dogs or cats?
>> Steroids/phenobarb, bone (esp. puppies), and liver
, Answer: ALP has isoenzymes where, especially for dogs?
>> note: meaning any elevation of ALP at ALL is significant, and this is not the same for dogs
Answer: Which animal has smaller stores and shorter half lives of ALP, cats or dogs?
>> GGT
Answer: What is the best specific enzyme for cholestasis in dogs and cats?
>> note: when bilirubin is elevated, it will elevate in bloodstream before you see it in mucous
membranes, and there are 3 differentials: prehepatic hemolytic anemia, intrahepatic functional
problems, or posthepatic
Answer: Bilirubin is used as a marker for WHAT?
>> note: this is because the liver has a large role in making these
Answer: What are the 4 tests that ESTIMATE hepatic function?
>> Cats
Answer: Which animals have Heinz bodies (oxidized, denatured hemoglobin) with liver disease (hepatic
lipidosis)?
>> Oxidative stress events: unregulated diabetes, unregulated hyperthyroidism, lymphoma
Answer: Besides hepatic lipidosis, what would be some differentials for a cat with heinz bodies?
>> CATS
Answer: Bilirubinuria is ALWAYS abnormal in which animal, even if it is trace amounts?
>> Serum bile acids, ammonia
Answer: What are more sensitive ways to assess liver function?
>> From cholesterol in liver
Answer: Where are bile acids made?
>> note: bile acids are made from cholesterol in the liver. So, if the liver is not working properly
(cholestasis), they cannot be excreted into the intestines and will instead back up into liver cells and
the blood stream
Answer: If the liver is not functioning, what will this do to bile acids?
>> Collect pre fasted bile acids, Fast patient, give small amount of food with fat, 2 hrs later collect
post sample
Answer: How do you do a bile acid stimulation test?
>> Urine bile acids
QUESTIONS 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
>> Icterus
Answer: What is the BIGGEST finding on clinical exam with hepatic disease?
>> CBC, Chem, UA
Answer: What is a "minimum database"
>> Microcytosis (from impaired transport of iron)
Answer: What type of RBC changes occur with hepatobiliary disease from portosystemic shunts?
>> Iron deficiency anemia, portosystemic shunting (NO anemia), GI bleed
Answer: What 3 things cause microcytosis?
>> Hemolytic anemia
Answer: What might cause regenerative MACROCYTIC anemia if the patient is jaundice?
>> Poiklocytes, acanthocytes
Answer: What SHAPE might RBC be in animals with portosystemic shunts or hepatobiliary disease?
>> ALT, AST
Answer: What are the two Chem. markers that measure hepatocellular membrane damage/leakage?
>> SAP (ALP), GGT
Answer: What are the two Chem. markers that measure the biliary tract and cholestasis?
>> Hepatocytes (fairly specific for liver cell injury)
Answer: WHERE is ALT normally found?
>> Extent of hepatic injury
Answer: The magnitude of ALT elevation on chem. tells you extent of hepatic injury OR
prognosis/reversibility?
>> note: this is because it is also found in muscle especially in the dog, making it less specific than
ALT
Answer: AST is more reliable predictor of hepatocellular damage in dogs or cats?
>> Steroids/phenobarb, bone (esp. puppies), and liver
, Answer: ALP has isoenzymes where, especially for dogs?
>> note: meaning any elevation of ALP at ALL is significant, and this is not the same for dogs
Answer: Which animal has smaller stores and shorter half lives of ALP, cats or dogs?
>> GGT
Answer: What is the best specific enzyme for cholestasis in dogs and cats?
>> note: when bilirubin is elevated, it will elevate in bloodstream before you see it in mucous
membranes, and there are 3 differentials: prehepatic hemolytic anemia, intrahepatic functional
problems, or posthepatic
Answer: Bilirubin is used as a marker for WHAT?
>> note: this is because the liver has a large role in making these
Answer: What are the 4 tests that ESTIMATE hepatic function?
>> Cats
Answer: Which animals have Heinz bodies (oxidized, denatured hemoglobin) with liver disease (hepatic
lipidosis)?
>> Oxidative stress events: unregulated diabetes, unregulated hyperthyroidism, lymphoma
Answer: Besides hepatic lipidosis, what would be some differentials for a cat with heinz bodies?
>> CATS
Answer: Bilirubinuria is ALWAYS abnormal in which animal, even if it is trace amounts?
>> Serum bile acids, ammonia
Answer: What are more sensitive ways to assess liver function?
>> From cholesterol in liver
Answer: Where are bile acids made?
>> note: bile acids are made from cholesterol in the liver. So, if the liver is not working properly
(cholestasis), they cannot be excreted into the intestines and will instead back up into liver cells and
the blood stream
Answer: If the liver is not functioning, what will this do to bile acids?
>> Collect pre fasted bile acids, Fast patient, give small amount of food with fat, 2 hrs later collect
post sample
Answer: How do you do a bile acid stimulation test?
>> Urine bile acids
