MIDTERM NR 568 FINAL PAPER 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS AND FULL SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Mechanism of Action. Answer:
Binds to components of the fungal cell membrane-increasing
permeability. This results in intracellular leakage, which reduces the
organism's viability.
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Adverse Effects. Answer:
(Intrathecal) Infusion reactions, Nephrotoxicity, hypokalemia,
Hematologic effects
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Precautions. Answer: Renal
Impairment
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Interactions. Answer: Other
nephrotoxic meds, flucytosine
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Education. Answer: IV
administration
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Labs. Answer: BMP, CBC
,◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox). Answer: Antifungal: broad
spectrum fungal pathogens
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Mechanism of Action. Answer:
Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol (sterol), resulting in increased
membrane permeability and leakage of cellular components.
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Adverse Effects. Answer: GI
upset, Cardiac suppression, Hepatic injury
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Precautions. Answer: Hepatic
dysfunction, Heart failure
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Interactions. Answer: PPIs,
CYP3A4 inhibitors
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Education. Answer: Take with
food/cola
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Labs. Answer: BMP, Coagulation,
Serum Drug Levels
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas). Answer: Antifungal:
aspergillus and candida infections
,◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Mechanism of Action.
Answer: Inhibits the biosynthesis of beta-1,3-d-glucan, an essential
fungal cell wall component.
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Adverse Effects. Answer:
Histamine-mediated reactions, Injection site reactions
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Precautions. Answer:
Embryotoxic, Hepatic impairment
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Interactions. Answer:
Drugs that induce CYP450 enzymes, tacrolimus, cyclosporine
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Education. Answer: IV
administration
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Labs. Answer: LFTs,
Serum Drug Levels
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon). Answer: Antifungal: Candida
and C. neoformans
, ◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Mechanism of Action.
Answer: Taken up by fungal cells and converted to the powerful
antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). These metabolites disrupt
fungal DNA and RNA synthesis.
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Adverse Effects. Answer:
Hematologic effects, Hepatotoxicity
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Precautions. Answer: Renal
Impairment, Hematologic disorders, Bone Marrow suppression
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Interactions. Answer:
amphotericin b, cisapride, pimozide, dofetilide, quinidine
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Dose. Answer: 50 - 150
mg/kg/day administered in four divided doses at 6-hour intervals.
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Labs. Answer: BMP, CBC,
LFTs, Serum Drug Levels
◉ Allylamines: terbinafine (Lamisil). Answer: Antifungal: tinea and
onycho-mycosis
QUESTIONS AND FULL SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Mechanism of Action. Answer:
Binds to components of the fungal cell membrane-increasing
permeability. This results in intracellular leakage, which reduces the
organism's viability.
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Adverse Effects. Answer:
(Intrathecal) Infusion reactions, Nephrotoxicity, hypokalemia,
Hematologic effects
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Precautions. Answer: Renal
Impairment
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Interactions. Answer: Other
nephrotoxic meds, flucytosine
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Education. Answer: IV
administration
◉ Polyene: amphotericin b (Abelcet) - Labs. Answer: BMP, CBC
,◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox). Answer: Antifungal: broad
spectrum fungal pathogens
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Mechanism of Action. Answer:
Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol (sterol), resulting in increased
membrane permeability and leakage of cellular components.
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Adverse Effects. Answer: GI
upset, Cardiac suppression, Hepatic injury
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Precautions. Answer: Hepatic
dysfunction, Heart failure
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Interactions. Answer: PPIs,
CYP3A4 inhibitors
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Education. Answer: Take with
food/cola
◉ Azoles: itraconazole (Sporanox) - Labs. Answer: BMP, Coagulation,
Serum Drug Levels
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas). Answer: Antifungal:
aspergillus and candida infections
,◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Mechanism of Action.
Answer: Inhibits the biosynthesis of beta-1,3-d-glucan, an essential
fungal cell wall component.
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Adverse Effects. Answer:
Histamine-mediated reactions, Injection site reactions
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Precautions. Answer:
Embryotoxic, Hepatic impairment
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Interactions. Answer:
Drugs that induce CYP450 enzymes, tacrolimus, cyclosporine
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Education. Answer: IV
administration
◉ Echinocandins: caspofungin (Cancidas) - Labs. Answer: LFTs,
Serum Drug Levels
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon). Answer: Antifungal: Candida
and C. neoformans
, ◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Mechanism of Action.
Answer: Taken up by fungal cells and converted to the powerful
antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). These metabolites disrupt
fungal DNA and RNA synthesis.
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Adverse Effects. Answer:
Hematologic effects, Hepatotoxicity
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Precautions. Answer: Renal
Impairment, Hematologic disorders, Bone Marrow suppression
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Interactions. Answer:
amphotericin b, cisapride, pimozide, dofetilide, quinidine
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Dose. Answer: 50 - 150
mg/kg/day administered in four divided doses at 6-hour intervals.
◉ Pyrimidines: flucytosine (Ancobon) - Labs. Answer: BMP, CBC,
LFTs, Serum Drug Levels
◉ Allylamines: terbinafine (Lamisil). Answer: Antifungal: tinea and
onycho-mycosis
