NR 464 ACTUAL SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
▶ Define Pericardium . Answer: The outermost layer of the heart. Attached
with ligaments to the spinal column and diaphragm fixing the heart in its
position. Built by two layers of connective tissue.
▶ The outer layer of the Pericardium is called: . Answer: Parietal
Pericardium
▶ The inner layer of the Pericardium is called: . Answer: Visceral
Pericardium or Epicardium
▶ The two layers of Pericardium are separated by: . Answer: A thin layer of
fluid to prevent friction. These layers and the fluid between them are
referred to as the pericardial sac.
▶ A structure in the middle of the heart called the _____, divided the heart
into two sides. . Answer: Septum
▶ The right side of the heart pumps _____ blood with low pressure from
the veins into the lungs (pulmonary circulation). . Answer: Deoxygenated
▶ The left side of the heart pumps _____ blood with high pressure (blood
pressure) toward the tissues through arteries (systemic circulations). .
Answer: Oxygenated
▶ The four chambers of the heart: . Answer: -Right Atria
-Left Atria
-Right Ventricle
-Left Ventricle
▶ Define Right Atrium . Answer: Receives deoxygenated blood returning to
the heart from the body via the superior vena cava which carries blood from
the upper body and the inferior vena cava which carries blood from the
lower body. Receives blood from the coronary sinus; the largest vein that
drains the heart muscle's deoxygenated blood.
,▶ Define Right Ventricle . Answer: Receives deoxygenated blood from the
right atrium which it pumps to the lungs for oxygenation through the
pulmonary trunk and then to the pulmonary arteries.
▶ Define The Pulmonary Arteries . Answer: Are the only arteries in the
body that carry deoxygenated blood (because they are going away from
the heart).
▶ Define the Left Atrium . Answer: Receives oxygenated blood returning
from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins.
▶ Define The Pulmonary Veins . Answer: The only veins in the body that
carry oxygenated blood (because they are going towards the heart).
▶ Define Left Ventricle . Answer: Receives the oxygenated blood from the
left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta, the largest artery of
the body.
▶ The Heart Valves Purpose . Answer: Is to prevent back flow of the blood
thereby assuring uni-directional flow thru the heart.
▶ The Atrioventricular Valves (AV) are located: . Answer: Between the atria
and ventricles.
▶ AV Cusped Valves Characteristics are: . Answer: -They have tough
fibrous rings.
-Long and strong leaflets (cuspids).
-They have accessory organs, such as papillary muscles and chordea
tendinae.
▶ Define Tricuspid Valve . Answer: Is located between the right atrium and
the right ventricle. As the name connotes, it has three cusps (or leaflets).
▶ Define Bicuspid Mitral Valve . Answer: Is located between the left atrium
and the left ventricle. It has two cusps (or leaflets) and it also called the
mitral valve.
▶ Define Semilunar Valves . Answer: They have half-moon shaped
leaflets.
,▶ Semilunar Valves Characteristics . Answer: -Three Leaflets
-Shallow in depth
-They have no accessory organs
▶ Define Pulmonic Valve . Answer: Located between the right ventricle and
the pulmonary trunk.
▶ Define Aortic Valve . Answer: Located between the left ventricle and
aorta.
▶ Define Systole . Answer: Is the period of contractions of both Arial and
Ventricles.
▶ Define Diastole . Answer: Is the period of relaxation and filling of all
cardiac chambers.
▶ The right and left _____ _____ are the first branches coming out of Aorta
and supply the heart with oxygenated blood. The blood runs through there
arteries during diastole. Located on the epicardium. . Answer: Coronary
Arteries
▶ The left coronary artery has two branches: . Answer: -Left Anterior
Descending (LAD)
-Left Circumflex (LCX)
▶ There is only one main artery that supplies the right side of the heart: .
Answer: Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
▶ Define Heart Sounds . Answer: Are caused by the closure of the heart
valves.
▶ S1 First Heart Sound (Lubb) . Answer: Occurs during ventricle
contraction and the closure of AV valves.
▶ S2 Second Heart Sound (Dupp) . Answer: Occurs during ventricular
relaxation when SL valves (Pulmonary and Aortic valves) close.
▶ Define Murmurs . Answer: Are caused by diseases of the valves or other
structural abnormalities.
, ▶ Define Heart Rate . Answer: Is the number of heart contractions per
minute.
▶ The normal heart rate is _____ to _____ bpm. . Answer: 60 to 100
▶ Abbreviation for Beats Per Minute . Answer: bpm
▶ Abbreviation for Heart Rate . Answer: HR
▶ Heart rate is controlled by _____ and _____ located in Aortic Arch and
Carotid arteries. . Answer: Chemo-receptors (chemical sensors) and Baro-
Receptors (pressure receptors)
▶ The heart is under the influence by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
which is subdivided into the _____ and _____ nervous systems. . Answer:
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
▶ Parasympathetic (Vagus Nerve) . Answer: Generally has an inhibitory
effect via the neurotransmitter.
▶ Acetylcholine may cause what to happen: . Answer: -Slow SA
pacemarker and HR
-Slow the conduction of electricity in AV node
-Decreased the strength of atrial and ventricular contraction
▶ Sympathetitc via the neurotransmitter Norepinehrine results: . Answer: -
Increases the HR
-Increases the force of contraction
-Increase the blood pressure
-Via dopaminergic receptors increase the diameter of the visceral blood
vessels and consequently visceral blood flow
▶ Define Heart as a Pump . Answer: The blood volume ejected outside the
heart is equal to the blood volume returning back 1 into the heart.
▶ Define Stroke Volume (Preload) . Answer: Is the blood volume ejected
outside the ventricle after each contraction.
▶ The Stroke Volume Depends on: . Answer: -The volume of blood
returning into the heart
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
▶ Define Pericardium . Answer: The outermost layer of the heart. Attached
with ligaments to the spinal column and diaphragm fixing the heart in its
position. Built by two layers of connective tissue.
▶ The outer layer of the Pericardium is called: . Answer: Parietal
Pericardium
▶ The inner layer of the Pericardium is called: . Answer: Visceral
Pericardium or Epicardium
▶ The two layers of Pericardium are separated by: . Answer: A thin layer of
fluid to prevent friction. These layers and the fluid between them are
referred to as the pericardial sac.
▶ A structure in the middle of the heart called the _____, divided the heart
into two sides. . Answer: Septum
▶ The right side of the heart pumps _____ blood with low pressure from
the veins into the lungs (pulmonary circulation). . Answer: Deoxygenated
▶ The left side of the heart pumps _____ blood with high pressure (blood
pressure) toward the tissues through arteries (systemic circulations). .
Answer: Oxygenated
▶ The four chambers of the heart: . Answer: -Right Atria
-Left Atria
-Right Ventricle
-Left Ventricle
▶ Define Right Atrium . Answer: Receives deoxygenated blood returning to
the heart from the body via the superior vena cava which carries blood from
the upper body and the inferior vena cava which carries blood from the
lower body. Receives blood from the coronary sinus; the largest vein that
drains the heart muscle's deoxygenated blood.
,▶ Define Right Ventricle . Answer: Receives deoxygenated blood from the
right atrium which it pumps to the lungs for oxygenation through the
pulmonary trunk and then to the pulmonary arteries.
▶ Define The Pulmonary Arteries . Answer: Are the only arteries in the
body that carry deoxygenated blood (because they are going away from
the heart).
▶ Define the Left Atrium . Answer: Receives oxygenated blood returning
from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins.
▶ Define The Pulmonary Veins . Answer: The only veins in the body that
carry oxygenated blood (because they are going towards the heart).
▶ Define Left Ventricle . Answer: Receives the oxygenated blood from the
left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta, the largest artery of
the body.
▶ The Heart Valves Purpose . Answer: Is to prevent back flow of the blood
thereby assuring uni-directional flow thru the heart.
▶ The Atrioventricular Valves (AV) are located: . Answer: Between the atria
and ventricles.
▶ AV Cusped Valves Characteristics are: . Answer: -They have tough
fibrous rings.
-Long and strong leaflets (cuspids).
-They have accessory organs, such as papillary muscles and chordea
tendinae.
▶ Define Tricuspid Valve . Answer: Is located between the right atrium and
the right ventricle. As the name connotes, it has three cusps (or leaflets).
▶ Define Bicuspid Mitral Valve . Answer: Is located between the left atrium
and the left ventricle. It has two cusps (or leaflets) and it also called the
mitral valve.
▶ Define Semilunar Valves . Answer: They have half-moon shaped
leaflets.
,▶ Semilunar Valves Characteristics . Answer: -Three Leaflets
-Shallow in depth
-They have no accessory organs
▶ Define Pulmonic Valve . Answer: Located between the right ventricle and
the pulmonary trunk.
▶ Define Aortic Valve . Answer: Located between the left ventricle and
aorta.
▶ Define Systole . Answer: Is the period of contractions of both Arial and
Ventricles.
▶ Define Diastole . Answer: Is the period of relaxation and filling of all
cardiac chambers.
▶ The right and left _____ _____ are the first branches coming out of Aorta
and supply the heart with oxygenated blood. The blood runs through there
arteries during diastole. Located on the epicardium. . Answer: Coronary
Arteries
▶ The left coronary artery has two branches: . Answer: -Left Anterior
Descending (LAD)
-Left Circumflex (LCX)
▶ There is only one main artery that supplies the right side of the heart: .
Answer: Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
▶ Define Heart Sounds . Answer: Are caused by the closure of the heart
valves.
▶ S1 First Heart Sound (Lubb) . Answer: Occurs during ventricle
contraction and the closure of AV valves.
▶ S2 Second Heart Sound (Dupp) . Answer: Occurs during ventricular
relaxation when SL valves (Pulmonary and Aortic valves) close.
▶ Define Murmurs . Answer: Are caused by diseases of the valves or other
structural abnormalities.
, ▶ Define Heart Rate . Answer: Is the number of heart contractions per
minute.
▶ The normal heart rate is _____ to _____ bpm. . Answer: 60 to 100
▶ Abbreviation for Beats Per Minute . Answer: bpm
▶ Abbreviation for Heart Rate . Answer: HR
▶ Heart rate is controlled by _____ and _____ located in Aortic Arch and
Carotid arteries. . Answer: Chemo-receptors (chemical sensors) and Baro-
Receptors (pressure receptors)
▶ The heart is under the influence by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
which is subdivided into the _____ and _____ nervous systems. . Answer:
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
▶ Parasympathetic (Vagus Nerve) . Answer: Generally has an inhibitory
effect via the neurotransmitter.
▶ Acetylcholine may cause what to happen: . Answer: -Slow SA
pacemarker and HR
-Slow the conduction of electricity in AV node
-Decreased the strength of atrial and ventricular contraction
▶ Sympathetitc via the neurotransmitter Norepinehrine results: . Answer: -
Increases the HR
-Increases the force of contraction
-Increase the blood pressure
-Via dopaminergic receptors increase the diameter of the visceral blood
vessels and consequently visceral blood flow
▶ Define Heart as a Pump . Answer: The blood volume ejected outside the
heart is equal to the blood volume returning back 1 into the heart.
▶ Define Stroke Volume (Preload) . Answer: Is the blood volume ejected
outside the ventricle after each contraction.
▶ The Stroke Volume Depends on: . Answer: -The volume of blood
returning into the heart
