NR 464 EXAMPREP FULL SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
▶ The hear is: . Answer: A hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic
cavity between the lungs in a space called Mediastenum.
▶ The heart _____ is located at the level of the 2nd intercostal. . Answer:
Base
▶ The tip of the heart (_____) is located at the level of 5th intercostal and
mid-clavicular line on the left. . Answer: Apex
▶ Define Endocardium . Answer: The innermost layer of the heart. It is a
thin layer of epithelium very similar to vessels' endothelium, which covers
the inside part of the heart. It forms the lining and folds back onto itself to
form the heart valves and also covers the papillary muscles that anchor
chordae tendinae, strings of connective tissue that keep in place the AV
valves.
▶ The function of the Endocardium is: . Answer: To prevent blood cell
destruction and clotting.
▶ The Endocardium is: . Answer: Also the layer in which the heart's
conduction system is embedded.
▶ Define Myocardium . Answer: The middle and contractile layer of the
heart.
▶ The Myocardium is made up of: . Answer: Special striated muscle fibers
with strong connection with each other (intercalated disks) and branches
that ensure a unified and simultaneous contraction of all muscle fibers.
There is a high concentration of calcium ions in the space between the
muscle fibers (interstitial space), which influences the force of the muscle
contraction.
▶ Define "Heart Skeleton" . Answer: Is made up of four rings of thick
connective tissue. These rings which surround the base of the heart and
,large vessels, create the cardiac septum, and provide a solid connection
between the heart chambers and a strong attachment for the heart valves.
▶ Define Pericardium . Answer: The outermost layer of the heart. Attached
with ligaments to the spinal column and diaphragm fixing the heart in its
position. Built by two layers of connective tissue.
▶ The outer layer of the Pericardium is called: . Answer: Parietal
Pericardium
▶ The inner layer of the Pericardium is called: . Answer: Visceral
Pericardium or Epicardium
▶ The two layers of Pericardium are separated by: . Answer: A thin layer of
fluid to prevent friction. These layers and the fluid between them are
referred to as the pericardial sac.
▶ A structure in the middle of the heart called the _____, divided the heart
into two sides. . Answer: Septum
▶ The right side of the heart pumps _____ blood with low pressure from
the veins into the lungs (pulmonary circulation). . Answer: Deoxygenated
▶ The left side of the heart pumps _____ blood with high pressure (blood
pressure) toward the tissues through arteries (systemic circulations). .
Answer: Oxygenated
▶ The four chambers of the heart: . Answer: -Right Atria
-Left Atria
-Right Ventricle
-Left Ventricle
▶ Define Right Atrium . Answer: Receives deoxygenated blood returning to
the heart from the body via the superior vena cava which carries blood from
the upper body and the inferior vena cava which carries blood from the
lower body. Receives blood from the coronary sinus; the largest vein that
drains the heart muscle's deoxygenated blood.
,▶ Define Right Ventricle . Answer: Receives deoxygenated blood from the
right atrium which it pumps to the lungs for oxygenation through the
pulmonary trunk and then to the pulmonary arteries.
▶ Define The Pulmonary Arteries . Answer: Are the only arteries in the
body that carry deoxygenated blood (because they are going away from
the heart).
▶ Define the Left Atrium . Answer: Receives oxygenated blood returning
from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins.
▶ Define The Pulmonary Veins . Answer: The only veins in the body that
carry oxygenated blood (because they are going towards the heart).
▶ Define Left Ventricle . Answer: Receives the oxygenated blood from the
left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta, the largest artery of
the body.
▶ The Heart Valves Purpose . Answer: Is to prevent back flow of the blood
thereby assuring uni-directional flow thru the heart.
▶ The Atrioventricular Valves (AV) are located: . Answer: Between the atria
and ventricles.
▶ AV Cusped Valves Characteristics are: . Answer: -They have tough
fibrous rings.
-Long and strong leaflets (cuspids).
-They have accessory organs, such as papillary muscles and chordea
tendinae.
▶ Define Tricuspid Valve . Answer: Is located between the right atrium and
the right ventricle. As the name connotes, it has three cusps (or leaflets).
▶ Define Bicuspid Mitral Valve . Answer: Is located between the left atrium
and the left ventricle. It has two cusps (or leaflets) and it also called the
mitral valve.
▶ Define Semilunar Valves . Answer: They have half-moon shaped
leaflets.
, ▶ Semilunar Valves Characteristics . Answer: -Three Leaflets
-Shallow in depth
-They have no accessory organs
▶ Define Pulmonic Valve . Answer: Located between the right ventricle and
the pulmonary trunk.
▶ Define Aortic Valve . Answer: Located between the left ventricle and
aorta.
▶ Define Systole . Answer: Is the period of contractions of both Arial and
Ventricles.
▶ Define Diastole . Answer: Is the period of relaxation and filling of all
cardiac chambers.
▶ The right and left _____ _____ are the first branches coming out of Aorta
and supply the heart with oxygenated blood. The blood runs through there
arteries during diastole. Located on the epicardium. . Answer: Coronary
Arteries
▶ The left coronary artery has two branches: . Answer: -Left Anterior
Descending (LAD)
-Left Circumflex (LCX)
▶ There is only one main artery that supplies the right side of the heart: .
Answer: Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
▶ Define Heart Sounds . Answer: Are caused by the closure of the heart
valves.
▶ S1 First Heart Sound (Lubb) . Answer: Occurs during ventricle
contraction and the closure of AV valves.
▶ S2 Second Heart Sound (Dupp) . Answer: Occurs during ventricular
relaxation when SL valves (Pulmonary and Aortic valves) close.
▶ Define Murmurs . Answer: Are caused by diseases of the valves or other
structural abnormalities.
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
▶ The hear is: . Answer: A hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic
cavity between the lungs in a space called Mediastenum.
▶ The heart _____ is located at the level of the 2nd intercostal. . Answer:
Base
▶ The tip of the heart (_____) is located at the level of 5th intercostal and
mid-clavicular line on the left. . Answer: Apex
▶ Define Endocardium . Answer: The innermost layer of the heart. It is a
thin layer of epithelium very similar to vessels' endothelium, which covers
the inside part of the heart. It forms the lining and folds back onto itself to
form the heart valves and also covers the papillary muscles that anchor
chordae tendinae, strings of connective tissue that keep in place the AV
valves.
▶ The function of the Endocardium is: . Answer: To prevent blood cell
destruction and clotting.
▶ The Endocardium is: . Answer: Also the layer in which the heart's
conduction system is embedded.
▶ Define Myocardium . Answer: The middle and contractile layer of the
heart.
▶ The Myocardium is made up of: . Answer: Special striated muscle fibers
with strong connection with each other (intercalated disks) and branches
that ensure a unified and simultaneous contraction of all muscle fibers.
There is a high concentration of calcium ions in the space between the
muscle fibers (interstitial space), which influences the force of the muscle
contraction.
▶ Define "Heart Skeleton" . Answer: Is made up of four rings of thick
connective tissue. These rings which surround the base of the heart and
,large vessels, create the cardiac septum, and provide a solid connection
between the heart chambers and a strong attachment for the heart valves.
▶ Define Pericardium . Answer: The outermost layer of the heart. Attached
with ligaments to the spinal column and diaphragm fixing the heart in its
position. Built by two layers of connective tissue.
▶ The outer layer of the Pericardium is called: . Answer: Parietal
Pericardium
▶ The inner layer of the Pericardium is called: . Answer: Visceral
Pericardium or Epicardium
▶ The two layers of Pericardium are separated by: . Answer: A thin layer of
fluid to prevent friction. These layers and the fluid between them are
referred to as the pericardial sac.
▶ A structure in the middle of the heart called the _____, divided the heart
into two sides. . Answer: Septum
▶ The right side of the heart pumps _____ blood with low pressure from
the veins into the lungs (pulmonary circulation). . Answer: Deoxygenated
▶ The left side of the heart pumps _____ blood with high pressure (blood
pressure) toward the tissues through arteries (systemic circulations). .
Answer: Oxygenated
▶ The four chambers of the heart: . Answer: -Right Atria
-Left Atria
-Right Ventricle
-Left Ventricle
▶ Define Right Atrium . Answer: Receives deoxygenated blood returning to
the heart from the body via the superior vena cava which carries blood from
the upper body and the inferior vena cava which carries blood from the
lower body. Receives blood from the coronary sinus; the largest vein that
drains the heart muscle's deoxygenated blood.
,▶ Define Right Ventricle . Answer: Receives deoxygenated blood from the
right atrium which it pumps to the lungs for oxygenation through the
pulmonary trunk and then to the pulmonary arteries.
▶ Define The Pulmonary Arteries . Answer: Are the only arteries in the
body that carry deoxygenated blood (because they are going away from
the heart).
▶ Define the Left Atrium . Answer: Receives oxygenated blood returning
from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins.
▶ Define The Pulmonary Veins . Answer: The only veins in the body that
carry oxygenated blood (because they are going towards the heart).
▶ Define Left Ventricle . Answer: Receives the oxygenated blood from the
left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta, the largest artery of
the body.
▶ The Heart Valves Purpose . Answer: Is to prevent back flow of the blood
thereby assuring uni-directional flow thru the heart.
▶ The Atrioventricular Valves (AV) are located: . Answer: Between the atria
and ventricles.
▶ AV Cusped Valves Characteristics are: . Answer: -They have tough
fibrous rings.
-Long and strong leaflets (cuspids).
-They have accessory organs, such as papillary muscles and chordea
tendinae.
▶ Define Tricuspid Valve . Answer: Is located between the right atrium and
the right ventricle. As the name connotes, it has three cusps (or leaflets).
▶ Define Bicuspid Mitral Valve . Answer: Is located between the left atrium
and the left ventricle. It has two cusps (or leaflets) and it also called the
mitral valve.
▶ Define Semilunar Valves . Answer: They have half-moon shaped
leaflets.
, ▶ Semilunar Valves Characteristics . Answer: -Three Leaflets
-Shallow in depth
-They have no accessory organs
▶ Define Pulmonic Valve . Answer: Located between the right ventricle and
the pulmonary trunk.
▶ Define Aortic Valve . Answer: Located between the left ventricle and
aorta.
▶ Define Systole . Answer: Is the period of contractions of both Arial and
Ventricles.
▶ Define Diastole . Answer: Is the period of relaxation and filling of all
cardiac chambers.
▶ The right and left _____ _____ are the first branches coming out of Aorta
and supply the heart with oxygenated blood. The blood runs through there
arteries during diastole. Located on the epicardium. . Answer: Coronary
Arteries
▶ The left coronary artery has two branches: . Answer: -Left Anterior
Descending (LAD)
-Left Circumflex (LCX)
▶ There is only one main artery that supplies the right side of the heart: .
Answer: Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
▶ Define Heart Sounds . Answer: Are caused by the closure of the heart
valves.
▶ S1 First Heart Sound (Lubb) . Answer: Occurs during ventricle
contraction and the closure of AV valves.
▶ S2 Second Heart Sound (Dupp) . Answer: Occurs during ventricular
relaxation when SL valves (Pulmonary and Aortic valves) close.
▶ Define Murmurs . Answer: Are caused by diseases of the valves or other
structural abnormalities.
