A&P 102 FINAL EXAM IVY TECH WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
UPDATED 2025–2026 STUDY GUIDE AND SOLUTIONS
1. Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? hypothalamus
2. What is a hormone and how does it act? Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly
blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has
specific receptors for that particular hormone.
3. Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. Glucagon stimulates the liver to
break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and it
stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through
adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration
and promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis
of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks
down glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
4. How are pheromones different than hormones? is a chemical signal sent
between members of the same species. Are a type of hormone that are released
in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction between people.
5. How is inhibin used in the body? Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by
negative feedback. This action prevents over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by
cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a
glycoprotein hormone.
6. Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the
,bloodstream and act on target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
7. Describe steroid hormones. Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or
nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to
DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm
and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's
specific effects.
8. Describe tropic hormones. They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands
than those secreting them.
9. Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP
IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is
usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are
usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-
360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
10. How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? Rh positive -
presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to
fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby
to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
11. What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types? Type A blood has A antigens
on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its
plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in
its plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
, Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
12. Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
13. Compare the formed elements of the blood. RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act
together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs
fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
14. Describe the steps in clot formation. Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed
collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
15. What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? O+ give to: O+,
A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
16. What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets?
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
UPDATED 2025–2026 STUDY GUIDE AND SOLUTIONS
1. Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? hypothalamus
2. What is a hormone and how does it act? Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly
blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has
specific receptors for that particular hormone.
3. Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. Glucagon stimulates the liver to
break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and it
stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through
adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration
and promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis
of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks
down glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
4. How are pheromones different than hormones? is a chemical signal sent
between members of the same species. Are a type of hormone that are released
in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction between people.
5. How is inhibin used in the body? Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by
negative feedback. This action prevents over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by
cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a
glycoprotein hormone.
6. Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands.
Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the
,bloodstream and act on target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
7. Describe steroid hormones. Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or
nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to
DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm
and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's
specific effects.
8. Describe tropic hormones. They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands
than those secreting them.
9. Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP
IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is
usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are
usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-
360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
10. How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? Rh positive -
presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to
fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby
to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
11. What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types? Type A blood has A antigens
on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its
plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in
its plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
, Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
12. Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
13. Compare the formed elements of the blood. RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act
together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs
fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
14. Describe the steps in clot formation. Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed
collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
15. What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? O+ give to: O+,
A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
16. What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets?
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
