UPDATED CMN 552 ACTUAL EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS, CORRECT ANSWERS AND
RATIONALES
What is learned helplessness? - answer-the
hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or
human learns when unable to avoid repeated
aversive events
What "specifiers" are used to describe patients
with various mood disorders? - answer-Table 8.1-
7
What two neurotransmitters are most implicated
in the pathophysiology of mood disorders? -
answer-norepinephrine and serotonin
,How are dopamine levels affected in depression
and mania? - answer-Dopamine activity may be
reduced in depression and increased in mania
How does depression affect sleep
neurophysiology? - answer-Loss of deep (slow-
wave) sleep
Increase in nocturnal arousal.
The latter is reflected by four types of
disturbance: (1) an increase in nocturnal
awakenings, (2) a reduction in total sleep time, (3)
increased phasic rapid eye movement (REM)
sleep, and (4) increased core body temperature. T
What is the most common abnormality found in
structural and functional brain imaging in
depressive disorders? - answer-Increased
frequency of abnormal hyperintensities in
,subcortical regions, such as periventricular
regions, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus
What cognitive distortions are commonly seen in
depressed patients? - answer-(1) views about the
self —a negative self-precept, (2) about the
environment—a tendency to experience the
world as hostile and demanding, and (3) about
the future—the expectation of suffering and
failure
What factors are associated with a poor prognosis
for patients with mood disorders? - answer-MDD:
The percentage of patients recovering after
repeated hospitalization decreases with passing
time. Generally, as a patient experiences more
and more depressive episodes, the time between
the episodes decreases, and the severity of each
episode increases.
, Bipolar I: Have a poorer prognosis than do
patients with major depressive disorder. About 40
to 50 percent of patients with bipolar I disorder
may have a second manic episode within 2 years
of the first episode. poor occupational status,
alcohol dependence, psychotic features,
depressive features, interepisode depressive
features, and male gender were all factors that
contributed a poor prognosis. Short duration of
manic episodes, advanced age of onset, few
suicidal thoughts, and few coexisting psychiatric
or medical problems predict a better outcome.
Bipolar II: The course and prognosis of bipolar II
disorder indicate that the diagnosis is stable
because there is a high likelihood that patients
with bipolar II disorder will have the same
diagnosis up to 5 years later. Bipolar II disorder is
a chronic disease that warrants long-term
treatment strategies.
QUESTIONS, CORRECT ANSWERS AND
RATIONALES
What is learned helplessness? - answer-the
hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or
human learns when unable to avoid repeated
aversive events
What "specifiers" are used to describe patients
with various mood disorders? - answer-Table 8.1-
7
What two neurotransmitters are most implicated
in the pathophysiology of mood disorders? -
answer-norepinephrine and serotonin
,How are dopamine levels affected in depression
and mania? - answer-Dopamine activity may be
reduced in depression and increased in mania
How does depression affect sleep
neurophysiology? - answer-Loss of deep (slow-
wave) sleep
Increase in nocturnal arousal.
The latter is reflected by four types of
disturbance: (1) an increase in nocturnal
awakenings, (2) a reduction in total sleep time, (3)
increased phasic rapid eye movement (REM)
sleep, and (4) increased core body temperature. T
What is the most common abnormality found in
structural and functional brain imaging in
depressive disorders? - answer-Increased
frequency of abnormal hyperintensities in
,subcortical regions, such as periventricular
regions, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus
What cognitive distortions are commonly seen in
depressed patients? - answer-(1) views about the
self —a negative self-precept, (2) about the
environment—a tendency to experience the
world as hostile and demanding, and (3) about
the future—the expectation of suffering and
failure
What factors are associated with a poor prognosis
for patients with mood disorders? - answer-MDD:
The percentage of patients recovering after
repeated hospitalization decreases with passing
time. Generally, as a patient experiences more
and more depressive episodes, the time between
the episodes decreases, and the severity of each
episode increases.
, Bipolar I: Have a poorer prognosis than do
patients with major depressive disorder. About 40
to 50 percent of patients with bipolar I disorder
may have a second manic episode within 2 years
of the first episode. poor occupational status,
alcohol dependence, psychotic features,
depressive features, interepisode depressive
features, and male gender were all factors that
contributed a poor prognosis. Short duration of
manic episodes, advanced age of onset, few
suicidal thoughts, and few coexisting psychiatric
or medical problems predict a better outcome.
Bipolar II: The course and prognosis of bipolar II
disorder indicate that the diagnosis is stable
because there is a high likelihood that patients
with bipolar II disorder will have the same
diagnosis up to 5 years later. Bipolar II disorder is
a chronic disease that warrants long-term
treatment strategies.
