HONDROS NUR 205 PRACTICE TEST NOTES
2026 COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ 3 processes of urine formation. Answer: 1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
⩥ Glomerular filtration. Answer: The first step in urine formation in
which substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane and the
filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.
⩥ Tubular reabsorption. Answer: Process of reabsorbing water and
electrolytes back into the blood
⩥ Tubular secretion. Answer: selectively moves substances from blood
to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
⩥ Urinary incontinence
1. Stress. Answer: Leakage of small amounts of urine during physical
movement - ie. coughing, sneezing, exercising.
⩥ Urinary incontinence
,2. Urge. Answer: leakage of small amounts of urine at UNEXPECTED
times - ie. during sleep
⩥ Urinary incontinence
3. Functional. Answer: Untimely urination because of physical disability,
external obstacles, or cognitive problems that prevent from reaching the
toilet.
⩥ Urinary incontinence
4. Overflow. Answer: Unexpected leakage of small amounts of urine due
to full bladder
⩥ Urinary incontinence
5. Transient. Answer: Leakage that occurs temporarily because of a
situation that will pass - ie. UTI, infection, pregnancy, cold with
coughing.
⩥ Urinary incontinence
6. Reflex. Answer: Involuntary loss of urine occurring at predictable
intervals when patient reaches bladder volume - ie. spinal cord damage,
loss of urge to void.
⩥ Nursing interventions for constipation. Answer: Sitting in chair,
walking
,Increase fluids, and fiber
⩥ Elimination discomfort exemplars. Answer: Anal fissure
anorectal abscess
hemorrhoids
interstitial cystitis
pilonidal cyst
urolithiasis
⩥ Elimination infection and inflammation exemplars. Answer: GI:
Infection-- C. Diff
Inflammation--IBD, UC, Crohns
Urinary:
Infection--UTI, kidney infection, pyelonephritis, kidney stones
⩥ Colorectal risk factors. Answer: Over age 50
Race - African American have highest rates
Diet - intake of animal fats and red meat
⩥ Type 1 diabetes. Answer: -no insulin is produced
-usually diagnosed in childhood
, -cells are starved of glucose since there is no insulin to bring into the
cells
-cells break down protein and fat into energy causing ketones to build up
- acidosis
⩥ Type 1 signs and symptoms. Answer: *abrupt!*
Polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
⩥ Type 1 treatment. Answer: Insulin only.
oral agents will not work
⩥ DKA patho. Answer: *abrupt*
1. not enough insulin
2. blood sugar becomes VERY high
3. cells break down protein and fat into energy
4. ketones build up---acidosis
⩥ DKA signs and symptoms. Answer: Ketosis and acidosis
fruity breath
2026 COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ 3 processes of urine formation. Answer: 1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
⩥ Glomerular filtration. Answer: The first step in urine formation in
which substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane and the
filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.
⩥ Tubular reabsorption. Answer: Process of reabsorbing water and
electrolytes back into the blood
⩥ Tubular secretion. Answer: selectively moves substances from blood
to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
⩥ Urinary incontinence
1. Stress. Answer: Leakage of small amounts of urine during physical
movement - ie. coughing, sneezing, exercising.
⩥ Urinary incontinence
,2. Urge. Answer: leakage of small amounts of urine at UNEXPECTED
times - ie. during sleep
⩥ Urinary incontinence
3. Functional. Answer: Untimely urination because of physical disability,
external obstacles, or cognitive problems that prevent from reaching the
toilet.
⩥ Urinary incontinence
4. Overflow. Answer: Unexpected leakage of small amounts of urine due
to full bladder
⩥ Urinary incontinence
5. Transient. Answer: Leakage that occurs temporarily because of a
situation that will pass - ie. UTI, infection, pregnancy, cold with
coughing.
⩥ Urinary incontinence
6. Reflex. Answer: Involuntary loss of urine occurring at predictable
intervals when patient reaches bladder volume - ie. spinal cord damage,
loss of urge to void.
⩥ Nursing interventions for constipation. Answer: Sitting in chair,
walking
,Increase fluids, and fiber
⩥ Elimination discomfort exemplars. Answer: Anal fissure
anorectal abscess
hemorrhoids
interstitial cystitis
pilonidal cyst
urolithiasis
⩥ Elimination infection and inflammation exemplars. Answer: GI:
Infection-- C. Diff
Inflammation--IBD, UC, Crohns
Urinary:
Infection--UTI, kidney infection, pyelonephritis, kidney stones
⩥ Colorectal risk factors. Answer: Over age 50
Race - African American have highest rates
Diet - intake of animal fats and red meat
⩥ Type 1 diabetes. Answer: -no insulin is produced
-usually diagnosed in childhood
, -cells are starved of glucose since there is no insulin to bring into the
cells
-cells break down protein and fat into energy causing ketones to build up
- acidosis
⩥ Type 1 signs and symptoms. Answer: *abrupt!*
Polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
⩥ Type 1 treatment. Answer: Insulin only.
oral agents will not work
⩥ DKA patho. Answer: *abrupt*
1. not enough insulin
2. blood sugar becomes VERY high
3. cells break down protein and fat into energy
4. ketones build up---acidosis
⩥ DKA signs and symptoms. Answer: Ketosis and acidosis
fruity breath
