IBHRE PRACTICE PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● What causes a higher than normal ejection fraction?. Answer:
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
● Systolic Failure =. Answer: Decreased contractility
● Diastolic Failure =. Answer: Think Decreased filing
● Cardiac Output (CO). Answer: HR X SV / 1000
Normal range = 4.0 - 8.0 l/min
CO = becomes insufficient to meet metabolic demand
● Stroke Volume (SV). Answer: CO / HR x 1000
Normal Range = 60-100 ml/beat
SV = determined by preload, afterload and myocardial contractility.
,● Ejection Fraction (EF). Answer: SV / EDV (end-diastolic volume)
Normal Range = 55-75%
EF = < 40%
● What are the three classifications of HF?. Answer: Systolic Failure -
decreased contractility
Diastolic Failure - decreased filing
Combination of both systolic and diastolic (mixed)
● Systolic. Answer: (think Pumping or squeezing)
Caused by depressed myocardial contractility
Approximately two-thirds of heart failure patients have systolic
dysfunction
● Diastolic. Answer: (think Filling)
Caused by the hearts inability to stretch and fill.
, The muscle wall is thick and the chamber is narrowed.
● What is the prevalence and incidence of Heart Failure?. Answer:
According to CDC:
5.7M adults have HF
One in nine deaths in 2009 had HF as a contributing cause.
About 1/2 of people who develop HF die within five years of diagnosis.
HF costs the nation $30.7 billion each year.
● How many New York Heart Association Classes of Heart Failure?.
Answer: Four
● What does NYHA Class I mean?. Answer: No limitations on physical
activity
No overt symptoms
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● What causes a higher than normal ejection fraction?. Answer:
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
● Systolic Failure =. Answer: Decreased contractility
● Diastolic Failure =. Answer: Think Decreased filing
● Cardiac Output (CO). Answer: HR X SV / 1000
Normal range = 4.0 - 8.0 l/min
CO = becomes insufficient to meet metabolic demand
● Stroke Volume (SV). Answer: CO / HR x 1000
Normal Range = 60-100 ml/beat
SV = determined by preload, afterload and myocardial contractility.
,● Ejection Fraction (EF). Answer: SV / EDV (end-diastolic volume)
Normal Range = 55-75%
EF = < 40%
● What are the three classifications of HF?. Answer: Systolic Failure -
decreased contractility
Diastolic Failure - decreased filing
Combination of both systolic and diastolic (mixed)
● Systolic. Answer: (think Pumping or squeezing)
Caused by depressed myocardial contractility
Approximately two-thirds of heart failure patients have systolic
dysfunction
● Diastolic. Answer: (think Filling)
Caused by the hearts inability to stretch and fill.
, The muscle wall is thick and the chamber is narrowed.
● What is the prevalence and incidence of Heart Failure?. Answer:
According to CDC:
5.7M adults have HF
One in nine deaths in 2009 had HF as a contributing cause.
About 1/2 of people who develop HF die within five years of diagnosis.
HF costs the nation $30.7 billion each year.
● How many New York Heart Association Classes of Heart Failure?.
Answer: Four
● What does NYHA Class I mean?. Answer: No limitations on physical
activity
No overt symptoms
