IC3 GS5 EXAMINATION TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
▶ To prevent medication errors RN's can? Answer:Routinely apply their
experience and knowledge of pharmacotherapeutics to clinical practice. It
is vital the nurse be prepared to cognized and respond to potential adverse
effects of the medication.
▶ Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(pharmokinetic and pharmodynamics).? Answer:Normal aging processes
can alter pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics responses to drugs.
▶ Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(absorption)? Answer:Overall, absorption of nutrients and drugs tend to
slow with aging.
▶ Pharmacotherapy and the older adult (plasma levels drug concentration
in tissues)? Answer:Age related increases in fat storage cause lipid soluble
drugs to be stored in the body for extended periods, leading to lower
plasma levels and increased drug concentrations in the tissues.
▶ Age related changes in the liver? Answer:Include reduced hepatic
function, decreased liver mass, diminished blood flow, and alteration in the
activity of hepatic enzymes.
▶ Frequency of administration for older adults? Answer:Should be
decreased to avoid toxicity due to drug accumulation.
▶ Older adults and receptors? Answer:Pharmacodynamic changes are
usually associated with drug receptors. Evidence suggests that older adults
have a decreased number of receptors.
▶ The government agency that is responsible for regulating drugs in the
United States.? Answer:FDA-Food and Drug Administration.
o Protect the public health.
o Speeding innovations that make medicines and food more effective.
, o Helping the public get more accurate information.
▶ Overall process to get new drugs on the market.? Answer:o Step 1-Pre-
Clinical research: Involves extensive lab testing by the parmacutical
company. If the drug appears promising the pharmaceutical company
submits an investigational New drug (IND) application. (contains animal
testing)
o Step 2: After animal testing comes clinal phase trials which is the longest
part of the approval process. The clinical trial has three different phases.
• Phase 1- testing is conducted on 20-80 healthy volunteers for several
months to determine proper dosage and to assess for adverse effects. If
unaccepted levels of toxicity are noted, trials are stoped.
• Phase 2- Several hundred patients with the disease are treated with drug.
Compared with a placebo to test effectiveness. Also can be compared to a
drug already available.
• Phase 3- Large numbers of patients with the disease are given the drug to
determine patient variability. Patients with chronic conditions are given the
drug to determine safety.
o Step 3: If the new drug shows promise a New Drug application is
submitted to the FDA. If accepted, manufacturer may be able to start
selling the drug.
o Step 4- Post market surveillance: Occurs after the NDA review has been
completed. The purpose of stage 4 is to survey for harmful drug effects in a
larger population.
▶ Difference between over the counter and prescription drugs.? Answer:o
Prescription medications are judged by the FDA to be potentially addictive
or too harmful for self administration
o Prescriptions give an opportunity for a doctor to assess your problem and
treat more complex problems.
o OTC drugs allow patients to treat themselves and are obtained much
easier.
o A prescription drug can become OTC when there is a high margin of
safety that exists with the medicines.
o Herbal medicines are different from prescription and OTC drugs because
they are not considered drugs. They are not marketed to treat any disease
and are not subjected to the same regulatory process as drugs. Some
herbal products can interact with medications.
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
▶ To prevent medication errors RN's can? Answer:Routinely apply their
experience and knowledge of pharmacotherapeutics to clinical practice. It
is vital the nurse be prepared to cognized and respond to potential adverse
effects of the medication.
▶ Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(pharmokinetic and pharmodynamics).? Answer:Normal aging processes
can alter pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics responses to drugs.
▶ Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(absorption)? Answer:Overall, absorption of nutrients and drugs tend to
slow with aging.
▶ Pharmacotherapy and the older adult (plasma levels drug concentration
in tissues)? Answer:Age related increases in fat storage cause lipid soluble
drugs to be stored in the body for extended periods, leading to lower
plasma levels and increased drug concentrations in the tissues.
▶ Age related changes in the liver? Answer:Include reduced hepatic
function, decreased liver mass, diminished blood flow, and alteration in the
activity of hepatic enzymes.
▶ Frequency of administration for older adults? Answer:Should be
decreased to avoid toxicity due to drug accumulation.
▶ Older adults and receptors? Answer:Pharmacodynamic changes are
usually associated with drug receptors. Evidence suggests that older adults
have a decreased number of receptors.
▶ The government agency that is responsible for regulating drugs in the
United States.? Answer:FDA-Food and Drug Administration.
o Protect the public health.
o Speeding innovations that make medicines and food more effective.
, o Helping the public get more accurate information.
▶ Overall process to get new drugs on the market.? Answer:o Step 1-Pre-
Clinical research: Involves extensive lab testing by the parmacutical
company. If the drug appears promising the pharmaceutical company
submits an investigational New drug (IND) application. (contains animal
testing)
o Step 2: After animal testing comes clinal phase trials which is the longest
part of the approval process. The clinical trial has three different phases.
• Phase 1- testing is conducted on 20-80 healthy volunteers for several
months to determine proper dosage and to assess for adverse effects. If
unaccepted levels of toxicity are noted, trials are stoped.
• Phase 2- Several hundred patients with the disease are treated with drug.
Compared with a placebo to test effectiveness. Also can be compared to a
drug already available.
• Phase 3- Large numbers of patients with the disease are given the drug to
determine patient variability. Patients with chronic conditions are given the
drug to determine safety.
o Step 3: If the new drug shows promise a New Drug application is
submitted to the FDA. If accepted, manufacturer may be able to start
selling the drug.
o Step 4- Post market surveillance: Occurs after the NDA review has been
completed. The purpose of stage 4 is to survey for harmful drug effects in a
larger population.
▶ Difference between over the counter and prescription drugs.? Answer:o
Prescription medications are judged by the FDA to be potentially addictive
or too harmful for self administration
o Prescriptions give an opportunity for a doctor to assess your problem and
treat more complex problems.
o OTC drugs allow patients to treat themselves and are obtained much
easier.
o A prescription drug can become OTC when there is a high margin of
safety that exists with the medicines.
o Herbal medicines are different from prescription and OTC drugs because
they are not considered drugs. They are not marketed to treat any disease
and are not subjected to the same regulatory process as drugs. Some
herbal products can interact with medications.
