PNP301 Test 2 Questions With Correct Answers

PNP301 Test 2 Questions With Correct Answers


MS (multiple sclerosis) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-progressive demyelination of the
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neurons in the brain, sc + cranial nerves -- characterized by remissions and
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exacerbations.


MS: pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--Demyelination interrupts the flow
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of nerve impulses
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-lesions create an inflammatory response + attack neurons (immune-mediated
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response on the CNS) | | |




-Plaques appear on demyelinated axons, further interrupting the transmission of
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nerve impulses |




-Eventually the axons begin to degenerate, resulting in permanent and
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irreversible damage from scarring and plaques
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MS: etiology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- genetic =affects european pop.,
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- immunologic =viral infections + abnormal immune response
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- environmental =temperate climate
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*Onset b/w 20-40 years of age (peak 30)
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- more common in women (2:1)
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MS: S/S - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Depends on the demyelinated area...
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-weakness in legs | |




-diplopia |

,-scotoma |




-dysarthia |




-paresthesia |




-sensory deficits | |




-chronic fatigue |




MS: early sign - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-blurred vision
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MS: late sign(s) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔--depression/ euphoria
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-respiratory infections | |




-decubitus ulcers |




-contractures


MS: diagnostic tests - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-No definitive test = often delayed
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diagnosis |




-history of exacerbations + remissions + absence of other neurologic criteria are
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used for initial diagnosis ....
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* MRI for detection and monitoring of CNS lesions
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* CSF analysis = INCREASED protein, gamma glob., lymphocytes
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*Tomography = optic + retinal nerves are early targets in MS
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Diplopia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-double vision
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Scotoma - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-dark spot in the visual field
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, Dysarthia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-difficulty forming words; articulated speech
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paresthesia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-abnormal tactile sensation often described
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as creeping, burning, tingling, or numbness
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PD (Parkinson's Disease) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-affected motor function
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through loss of extrapyramidal activity.
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PD: pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-• Disruption in neurotransmitters:
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degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of midbrain
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disrupts balance of dopamine & acetylcholine
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• excess stimulation (of ACh) affects movement, muscle tone + posture.
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- decreased # of cortical neurons
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PD: etiology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-*primary idiopathic = after 60 years of age
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*secondary = from trauma, vascular disease or encephalitis
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-occurs in both men and women
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-damaging effects of toxins + viruses on cells ie. carbon monoxide, pesticides...
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*Drug-induced Parkinson's --> Phenothiazines | | |




PD: S/S - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- tremors in hands @ rest
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- "pill rolling" finger movement
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- rigidity
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