PNP301 Final Exam Questions With Correct Answers

PNP301 Final Exam Questions With Correct
Answers


What is Pathophysiology? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The study of functional or
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physiological changes in the body resulting from disease processes. It focuses on
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*why* signs and symptoms occur.
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Pathology vs. Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Pathology = study of
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structural changes (what is wrong). Pathophysiology = study of functional changes
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(how and why it affects the body).
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Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The cause of a disease. (Idiopathic = unknown
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cause, Iatrogenic = caused by medical treatment).
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Pathogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The sequence of events involved in the
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development of a disease. | | |




Sign vs. Symptom - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Sign = Objective, measurable (e.g.,
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fever). Symptom = Subjective, reported by patient (e.g., pain).
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Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A cellular adaptation involving a *decrease* in
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cell size (e.g., muscle wasting).
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Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A cellular adaptation involving an
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*increase* in cell size (e.g., enlarged heart in hypertension).
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,Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A cellular adaptation involving an *increase*
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in the *number* of cells (e.g., enlarged uterus in pregnancy).
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Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A cellular adaptation where one mature cell
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type is replaced by another (e.g., in a smoker's airway).
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Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Abnormal cell size, shape, or organization;
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considered precancerous. |




Necrosis vs. Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Necrosis = Unplanned,
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pathological cell death. Apoptosis = Programmed, regulated cell death.
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Primary Intention Healing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Healing of a clean, surgical
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incision with minimal tissue loss; edges are approximated.
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Secondary Intention Healing - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Healing of a wound with
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significant tissue loss; the wound is left open and fills with granulation tissue.
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Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Rubor (redness), Calor
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(heat), Tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain), Functio laesa (loss of function).
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Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Acute = Rapid onset,
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neutrophil predominance. Chronic = Persists >2 weeks, lymphocyte/macrophage
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predominance, can lead to fibrosis. | | | |

,Four Phases of Pain (Nociception) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-1. Transduction 2.
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Transmission 3. Perception 4. Modulation | | | |




A-delta vs. C Fibers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A-delta = Myelinated, fast, sharp
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pain. C Fibers = Unmyelinated, slow, dull/aching pain.
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Neuropathic Pain - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Pain caused by a lesion or disease of
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the somatosensory nervous system (e.g., burning, shooting pain).
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Osteoporosis Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Imbalance in bone
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remodeling: osteoclast (break down) activity > osteoblast (build) activity, leading
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to low bone density.
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RANK/RANKL/OPG Axis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Key regulatory pathway for bone | | | | | | | | |


remodeling. RANKL activates osteoclasts; OPG inhibits RANKL.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) vs. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-OA =
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Mechanical "wear and tear" degeneration. RA = Autoimmune, inflammatory
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synovitis leading to pannus formation.
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Gouty Arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Caused by deposition of monosodium
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urate crystals in a joint, triggering intense inflammation.
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Compartment Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A medical emergency where
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increased pressure within a fascial compartment compromises blood flow, leading
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|to ischemia.
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, The 6 P's of Ischemia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Pain, Paresthesia, Pallor,
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Pulselessness, Paralysis, Poikilothermia (cold). | | |




Primary vs. Secondary Brain Injury - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Primary = Initial
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mechanical damage (e.g., contusion). Secondary = Cascading damage after the
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initial injury (e.g., edema, ischemia).
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Monro-Kellie Doctrine - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The skull is a fixed volume. An
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increase in one component (brain, blood, CSF) must be compensated by a
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decrease in another to prevent ↑ICP.
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Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-CPP = MAP - ICP. Must
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be maintained to ensure adequate blood flow to the brain.
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Cushing's Triad - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A late sign of severely elevated ICP:
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Widening pulse pressure, Bradycardia, Irregular respirations.
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Spinal Shock vs. Neurogenic Shock - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Spinal Shock =
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Temporary loss of reflexes below injury. Neurogenic Shock = Loss of sympathetic
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tone (T6+), causing hypotension & bradycardia.
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Autonomic Dysreflexia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Life-threatening, uncontrolled
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sympathetic response to a noxious stimulus below the level of injury in patients
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with SCI above T6.
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