Clinical Neurobiology Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ek5cul
Principal neurons can exist in the CNS and PNS (in the
PNS, comprise sensory and motor neurons), can be exci-
tatory or inhibitory, and can span long or short distances.
What is the difference between principal/typical neurons
and intrinsic/interneurons? Interneurons/intrinsic neurons are found nearly? exclu-
sively in the CNS (brain and spinal cord), are primari-
ly inhibitory, and are confined/intrinsic to one particular
structure of the CNS (e.g. within the spinal cord only).
Homeostasis, metabolism, structural support for neurons,
synchronization/regulation of neuronal firing, removal of
waste and dead neurons, synaptogenesis, neurotransmit-
Astrocyte functions
ter turnover, vasodilation.
Restricted to the CNS!
Microglia functions "immune" cells, phagocytosis, surveillance, waste removal
Oligodendrocyte functions Myelination and axon support in the CNS
Schwann cell functions Myelination and axon support in the PNS
discovered that neurons are individual cells, drew/stained
Describe the scientific impact of Santiago Ramon y Cajal. different glia and neurons, used Camillo Golgi's silver
staining method.
transgender neurobiologist who advocated for gender
equality in science/academia. His work focused on glial
cells: discovered how developing neurons signal oligo-
Describe the scientific impact of Ben Barres.
dendrocytes to myelinate their axons, and researched how
glia are fundamental in forming and eliminating neuronal
synapses.
Uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside
of the brain.
Computerized Axial Tomography Scanning (CAT/CT Scan)
The CT scanner sends X-rays through the brain; each ro-
tation of the scanner provides a picture of a thin slice.
1/5
, Clinical Neurobiology Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ek5cul
Uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio waves (not
radiation like an X-ray) to see the structure of the brain.
Depending on the strength of the signal, it could be
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
nicer/more detailed than a CT scan.
Detailed pictures of organs and internal body structures.
Tweaked version of the MRI to capture blood flow. You can
visualize changes in function now, with the blood flow as
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) a proxy for function.
Blood flow = increased oxygenation = increased function,
so that particular brain area needs more oxygen
Radioactively traces glucose, and measures glucose up-
take in various regions of the brain. Glucose presence is
a proxy for function- we are assuming increased glucose
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan uptake = function
Can detect consciousness vs vegetative state vs brain
death (hollow-skull sign)
the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain
activity as a way to study brain regions; magnetic pulses
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
are delivered by a paddlelike device held near the scalp. A
newer method.
Brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields
from the brain's natural electrical activity; looks at brain
Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)
FUNCTION. Very noninvasive. Does not subject patient to
radiation or any external magnetic field.
Older X-ray based method. Shows ventricles and basic
Pneumoencephalogram
structures of brain.
Cerebral Angiogram
2/5
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ek5cul
Principal neurons can exist in the CNS and PNS (in the
PNS, comprise sensory and motor neurons), can be exci-
tatory or inhibitory, and can span long or short distances.
What is the difference between principal/typical neurons
and intrinsic/interneurons? Interneurons/intrinsic neurons are found nearly? exclu-
sively in the CNS (brain and spinal cord), are primari-
ly inhibitory, and are confined/intrinsic to one particular
structure of the CNS (e.g. within the spinal cord only).
Homeostasis, metabolism, structural support for neurons,
synchronization/regulation of neuronal firing, removal of
waste and dead neurons, synaptogenesis, neurotransmit-
Astrocyte functions
ter turnover, vasodilation.
Restricted to the CNS!
Microglia functions "immune" cells, phagocytosis, surveillance, waste removal
Oligodendrocyte functions Myelination and axon support in the CNS
Schwann cell functions Myelination and axon support in the PNS
discovered that neurons are individual cells, drew/stained
Describe the scientific impact of Santiago Ramon y Cajal. different glia and neurons, used Camillo Golgi's silver
staining method.
transgender neurobiologist who advocated for gender
equality in science/academia. His work focused on glial
cells: discovered how developing neurons signal oligo-
Describe the scientific impact of Ben Barres.
dendrocytes to myelinate their axons, and researched how
glia are fundamental in forming and eliminating neuronal
synapses.
Uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside
of the brain.
Computerized Axial Tomography Scanning (CAT/CT Scan)
The CT scanner sends X-rays through the brain; each ro-
tation of the scanner provides a picture of a thin slice.
1/5
, Clinical Neurobiology Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ek5cul
Uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio waves (not
radiation like an X-ray) to see the structure of the brain.
Depending on the strength of the signal, it could be
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
nicer/more detailed than a CT scan.
Detailed pictures of organs and internal body structures.
Tweaked version of the MRI to capture blood flow. You can
visualize changes in function now, with the blood flow as
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) a proxy for function.
Blood flow = increased oxygenation = increased function,
so that particular brain area needs more oxygen
Radioactively traces glucose, and measures glucose up-
take in various regions of the brain. Glucose presence is
a proxy for function- we are assuming increased glucose
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan uptake = function
Can detect consciousness vs vegetative state vs brain
death (hollow-skull sign)
the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain
activity as a way to study brain regions; magnetic pulses
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
are delivered by a paddlelike device held near the scalp. A
newer method.
Brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields
from the brain's natural electrical activity; looks at brain
Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)
FUNCTION. Very noninvasive. Does not subject patient to
radiation or any external magnetic field.
Older X-ray based method. Shows ventricles and basic
Pneumoencephalogram
structures of brain.
Cerebral Angiogram
2/5
