HEALTH PROMOTION PN2004 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS –
LATEST UPDATED MATERIAL 2025–2026, ALREADY GRADED A+
DESCRIPTION
This document contains final exam questions and answers for PN2004 Health Promotion. It
covers key topics likely to appear on the final assessment, with updated material for the 2025–
2026 academic period.
The content includes exam-style questions with correct answers to support effective revision and
preparation. It is designed to help students review important concepts quickly and improve their
chances of achieving a high grade.
ANSWER FORMAT
The document Contains Questons with Correct and Verified Answers
programmed (predictable cell death), errors (random), calorie restriction (cal
reduction increases life span)
biological theories of aging
aging is the result of predictable cellular death; 3 theories: 1. immunity theory 2.
neuroendocrine control theory 3. gene theory
programmed theories of aging
aging is a programmed accumulation of decline in function of immune system
resulting from oxidative stress
immunity theory of aging
aging is a programmed decline in functioning of nervous, endocrine, immune
systems; cells lose abililty to reproduce
neuroendocrine theory of aging
longevity associated with genetic trait; "juvenescent" = youthful vigor/mature
adult well-being; "senescent" = functional decline/structural deterioration
gene theory of aging
aging is a result of accumulation of random errors in the synthesis of cellular
DNA and RNA; 3 theories: 1. oxidative 2. cross-linkage 3. wear and tear
errors theories of aging
free radical theory; errors are a result of random damage from free radicals
oxidative stress theory
aging is product of accumulated damage from errors associated with stiffened
cross-linked proteins
cross-linkage theory
cell errors result of deterioration over time due to overuse
wear and tear theory
In animal models, calorie restriction increased the life span and the health of
animals
calorie restriction theory
1. activity theory 2. disengagment theory 3. role theory 4. continuity theory 5. age
stratification theory 6. subculture theory
, 6 sociological theories of aging
continued activity is an indicator of successful aging
activity theory
during aging, individual slowly withdraws from former roles and activities
disengagement theory
ability of individual to adapt to changing roles
role theory
personality remains consistent; personality influences role activity and life
satisfaction
continuity theory
relationship between age as an element of social structure; aging people as one
cohort
age stratification theory
older people have their own norms, habits, beliefs; interact better among peers
than with other age groups
subculture theory
1. Eriksons 2. Pecks 3. Havighurst 4. Tornstams
4 developmental theories of aging
8 stages
Eriksons developmental theory of aging
expanded on Eriksons theory; ego differentiation v role preoccupation; body
transcendence v body preoccupation, ego transcendence v ego preoccupation
Pecks developmental theory of aging
specific tasks associated with aging
Havighursts theory of aging
geotranscendence; final stage in a natural process moving towards wisdom and
maturity
Tornstams theory of development
1. functional consequences theory (positive or negative functional
consequences) 2. theory of successful aging (higher levels of physical health
contribute to deeper spirituality) 3. theory of thriving (harmony between
individuals and their environment)
3 nursing theories of aging
1. get to know family better 2. opportunity to resolve past conflict/hurts 3.
payback for care recieved 4. satisfaction in caring for family 5. family
bonds/working together 6. gift of time
6 benefits of caregiving for family members
1. physical/psychological burden 2. poor health habits 3. impact on work 4.
financial burden 5. finding time for themselves 6. family conflict
6 disadvantages of caregiving for family members
1. decision maker 2. caregiver 3. dependent 4. deviant 5. victim
5 common family roles
1. can't meet needs of members 2. rigid in roles/responsibilities 3. unwilling to
seek help 4. ineffective at managing crisis 5. ineffective communication and
behaviour
5 factors in families experiencing dysfunction
LATEST UPDATED MATERIAL 2025–2026, ALREADY GRADED A+
DESCRIPTION
This document contains final exam questions and answers for PN2004 Health Promotion. It
covers key topics likely to appear on the final assessment, with updated material for the 2025–
2026 academic period.
The content includes exam-style questions with correct answers to support effective revision and
preparation. It is designed to help students review important concepts quickly and improve their
chances of achieving a high grade.
ANSWER FORMAT
The document Contains Questons with Correct and Verified Answers
programmed (predictable cell death), errors (random), calorie restriction (cal
reduction increases life span)
biological theories of aging
aging is the result of predictable cellular death; 3 theories: 1. immunity theory 2.
neuroendocrine control theory 3. gene theory
programmed theories of aging
aging is a programmed accumulation of decline in function of immune system
resulting from oxidative stress
immunity theory of aging
aging is a programmed decline in functioning of nervous, endocrine, immune
systems; cells lose abililty to reproduce
neuroendocrine theory of aging
longevity associated with genetic trait; "juvenescent" = youthful vigor/mature
adult well-being; "senescent" = functional decline/structural deterioration
gene theory of aging
aging is a result of accumulation of random errors in the synthesis of cellular
DNA and RNA; 3 theories: 1. oxidative 2. cross-linkage 3. wear and tear
errors theories of aging
free radical theory; errors are a result of random damage from free radicals
oxidative stress theory
aging is product of accumulated damage from errors associated with stiffened
cross-linked proteins
cross-linkage theory
cell errors result of deterioration over time due to overuse
wear and tear theory
In animal models, calorie restriction increased the life span and the health of
animals
calorie restriction theory
1. activity theory 2. disengagment theory 3. role theory 4. continuity theory 5. age
stratification theory 6. subculture theory
, 6 sociological theories of aging
continued activity is an indicator of successful aging
activity theory
during aging, individual slowly withdraws from former roles and activities
disengagement theory
ability of individual to adapt to changing roles
role theory
personality remains consistent; personality influences role activity and life
satisfaction
continuity theory
relationship between age as an element of social structure; aging people as one
cohort
age stratification theory
older people have their own norms, habits, beliefs; interact better among peers
than with other age groups
subculture theory
1. Eriksons 2. Pecks 3. Havighurst 4. Tornstams
4 developmental theories of aging
8 stages
Eriksons developmental theory of aging
expanded on Eriksons theory; ego differentiation v role preoccupation; body
transcendence v body preoccupation, ego transcendence v ego preoccupation
Pecks developmental theory of aging
specific tasks associated with aging
Havighursts theory of aging
geotranscendence; final stage in a natural process moving towards wisdom and
maturity
Tornstams theory of development
1. functional consequences theory (positive or negative functional
consequences) 2. theory of successful aging (higher levels of physical health
contribute to deeper spirituality) 3. theory of thriving (harmony between
individuals and their environment)
3 nursing theories of aging
1. get to know family better 2. opportunity to resolve past conflict/hurts 3.
payback for care recieved 4. satisfaction in caring for family 5. family
bonds/working together 6. gift of time
6 benefits of caregiving for family members
1. physical/psychological burden 2. poor health habits 3. impact on work 4.
financial burden 5. finding time for themselves 6. family conflict
6 disadvantages of caregiving for family members
1. decision maker 2. caregiver 3. dependent 4. deviant 5. victim
5 common family roles
1. can't meet needs of members 2. rigid in roles/responsibilities 3. unwilling to
seek help 4. ineffective at managing crisis 5. ineffective communication and
behaviour
5 factors in families experiencing dysfunction
