PHAR1101 Weeks 1–4 Questions and Answers 100% Solved
1. How much do we know about prehistoric med- - Almost nothing
icine/pharmacology? - diverse cultures developed own
healing methods
- based on belief and prctices
2. List sources of evidence for ancient medicine - Cave paintings
(Hint: 3) - physical human remains (skeletons,
skulls, bog bodies)
- fragment items which may be tools
3. Cave painting example - The sorcerer
- 120000 BCE from a french cave 'the
sanctuary'
- first painting relating to health and
medicine
- Interpretations: shaman figure
4. Bones example - 7000yr old skill with hole bored into
it
- Sudan
- Believed to be trepanation
5. Trepanation ancient medical practice of drilling
holes in the skull
6. Bog bodies/icemen - preserved bodies in a bog/glacier
- anaerobic environment = best
preservation conditions
7. Tollund Man (Denmark) - 4th century BCE
- Infested with parasites
8. Otzi (Tyrol region)
, PHAR1101 Weeks 1–4 Questions and Answers 100% Solved
- 4th century BCE
- murdered
- ~45yrs old, traces of arsenic
- infested with parasites
- oldest evidence of Lyme disease
- tattoo = possible medical treatment
9. What evidence do we have for prehistoric drug - No conclusive evidence
use? - plant remains in prehistoric teeth
and stomachs may have been food
rather than drugs
10. Why is recorded history not reliable? - Fragmented (missing millennia)
- May only refer to noble classes of
society
- Only broad generalisations possible
11. Did ancient medicine use the scientific - No
method? What did it use? - Used observation measurement,
practical skills and technology (not
scientific method)
12. What is the scientific method? - Organised ettorts to come up with
explanations of nature
- Always modifying and correcting
these through systematic observa-
tions
13. How does the scientific method work? Observation -> questions -> hypothe-
ses -> testable prediction -> gather
data (refine/reject) -> general theo-
ries
, PHAR1101 Weeks 1–4 Questions and Answers 100% Solved
14. List the strengths of the scientific method (5) - Organised discovery
- Prevents repetition
- Encourages correction in face of ev-
idence
- Clear audit trail (how you got to a
particular point)
- Communicable and replicable re-
sults
15. True or false: Hippocrates is the father of med- False, we don't know who wrote the
icine Corpus Hippocraticum
16. What did the Hippocratic approach do? - Did systematise the description of
disease duration
- Did systematise some elements of
basic clinical observation
- Did not use scientific method
- May have held back development of
scientific method
17. Describe humoral theory - Human body thought to contain
4 principle humors matching 4 ele-
ments of earth (blood, phlegm, yel-
low, black bile)
- Illness caused by imbalance/excess
of humor
18. Phlegm Water, feminine, wet and cold
19. Blood Air, masculine, wet and hot
20. Black bile Earth, feminine, dry and cold
1. How much do we know about prehistoric med- - Almost nothing
icine/pharmacology? - diverse cultures developed own
healing methods
- based on belief and prctices
2. List sources of evidence for ancient medicine - Cave paintings
(Hint: 3) - physical human remains (skeletons,
skulls, bog bodies)
- fragment items which may be tools
3. Cave painting example - The sorcerer
- 120000 BCE from a french cave 'the
sanctuary'
- first painting relating to health and
medicine
- Interpretations: shaman figure
4. Bones example - 7000yr old skill with hole bored into
it
- Sudan
- Believed to be trepanation
5. Trepanation ancient medical practice of drilling
holes in the skull
6. Bog bodies/icemen - preserved bodies in a bog/glacier
- anaerobic environment = best
preservation conditions
7. Tollund Man (Denmark) - 4th century BCE
- Infested with parasites
8. Otzi (Tyrol region)
, PHAR1101 Weeks 1–4 Questions and Answers 100% Solved
- 4th century BCE
- murdered
- ~45yrs old, traces of arsenic
- infested with parasites
- oldest evidence of Lyme disease
- tattoo = possible medical treatment
9. What evidence do we have for prehistoric drug - No conclusive evidence
use? - plant remains in prehistoric teeth
and stomachs may have been food
rather than drugs
10. Why is recorded history not reliable? - Fragmented (missing millennia)
- May only refer to noble classes of
society
- Only broad generalisations possible
11. Did ancient medicine use the scientific - No
method? What did it use? - Used observation measurement,
practical skills and technology (not
scientific method)
12. What is the scientific method? - Organised ettorts to come up with
explanations of nature
- Always modifying and correcting
these through systematic observa-
tions
13. How does the scientific method work? Observation -> questions -> hypothe-
ses -> testable prediction -> gather
data (refine/reject) -> general theo-
ries
, PHAR1101 Weeks 1–4 Questions and Answers 100% Solved
14. List the strengths of the scientific method (5) - Organised discovery
- Prevents repetition
- Encourages correction in face of ev-
idence
- Clear audit trail (how you got to a
particular point)
- Communicable and replicable re-
sults
15. True or false: Hippocrates is the father of med- False, we don't know who wrote the
icine Corpus Hippocraticum
16. What did the Hippocratic approach do? - Did systematise the description of
disease duration
- Did systematise some elements of
basic clinical observation
- Did not use scientific method
- May have held back development of
scientific method
17. Describe humoral theory - Human body thought to contain
4 principle humors matching 4 ele-
ments of earth (blood, phlegm, yel-
low, black bile)
- Illness caused by imbalance/excess
of humor
18. Phlegm Water, feminine, wet and cold
19. Blood Air, masculine, wet and hot
20. Black bile Earth, feminine, dry and cold
