NUR 631 FINAL EXAM AND STUDY GUIDE (GCU) NEWEST 2026
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract
infections?
a. Staphylococcus
b. Klebsiella
c. Proteus
d. Escherichia coli - VERIFIED ANSWER - d. Escherichia coli ; The most
common infecting microorganisms are uropathic strains of E. coli
(80% to 85%). page 1350
Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be
demonstrated in an 85-year-old individual?
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
c. Hematuria and flank pain
d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency - VERIFIED ANSWER - a. Confusion and
poorly localized abdominal discomfort
Exp: Older adults with cystitis may demonstrate confusion or vague
abdominal discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic. page 1351
,Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite - VERIFIED ANSWER - a. Bacteria
Exp: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli,
Proteus, or Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell
casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as the
major protein. These data suggest the presence of which disorder?
a. Cystitis
b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome - VERIFIED ANSWER - c. Glomerulonephritis
Exp: The data suggest the patient has the disorder known as
glomerulonephritis. Two major changes distinctive of more severe
glomerulonephritis are (1) hematuria with red blood cell casts and (2)
proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein.
These symptoms do not support the diagnosis of the other options.
page 1357
,How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with
acute renal failure?
a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium
resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries
potassium with it.
c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose
and is carried into the cell.
d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to
move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen - VERIFIED ANSWER - b.
When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium
with it.
Exp: This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose
metabolism causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin
infusions therefore can be effective in shifting potassium from the
extracellular to intracellular space, along with the transport of glucose.
page 1363
________ is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with
chronic renal failure
a. Intrinsic factor
b. Vitamin B12
, c. Vitamin D
d. Erythropoietin - VERIFIED ANSWER - d. Erythropoietin
In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in
proteinuria?
(Select all that apply)
a. Ischemia
b. Lysosomal enzymes
c. Compression from edema
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability - VERIFIED ANSWER - d. Activated
complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
Exp: Activated complement, inflammatory cytokines, oxidants,
proteases, and growth factors attack epithelial cells, alter membrane
permeability, and cause proteinuria. None of the other options are
responsible for this process. page 1353-1357
Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
b. Renal vasoconstriction
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract
infections?
a. Staphylococcus
b. Klebsiella
c. Proteus
d. Escherichia coli - VERIFIED ANSWER - d. Escherichia coli ; The most
common infecting microorganisms are uropathic strains of E. coli
(80% to 85%). page 1350
Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be
demonstrated in an 85-year-old individual?
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
c. Hematuria and flank pain
d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency - VERIFIED ANSWER - a. Confusion and
poorly localized abdominal discomfort
Exp: Older adults with cystitis may demonstrate confusion or vague
abdominal discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic. page 1351
,Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite - VERIFIED ANSWER - a. Bacteria
Exp: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli,
Proteus, or Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell
casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as the
major protein. These data suggest the presence of which disorder?
a. Cystitis
b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome - VERIFIED ANSWER - c. Glomerulonephritis
Exp: The data suggest the patient has the disorder known as
glomerulonephritis. Two major changes distinctive of more severe
glomerulonephritis are (1) hematuria with red blood cell casts and (2)
proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein.
These symptoms do not support the diagnosis of the other options.
page 1357
,How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with
acute renal failure?
a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium
resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries
potassium with it.
c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose
and is carried into the cell.
d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to
move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen - VERIFIED ANSWER - b.
When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium
with it.
Exp: This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose
metabolism causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin
infusions therefore can be effective in shifting potassium from the
extracellular to intracellular space, along with the transport of glucose.
page 1363
________ is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with
chronic renal failure
a. Intrinsic factor
b. Vitamin B12
, c. Vitamin D
d. Erythropoietin - VERIFIED ANSWER - d. Erythropoietin
In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in
proteinuria?
(Select all that apply)
a. Ischemia
b. Lysosomal enzymes
c. Compression from edema
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability - VERIFIED ANSWER - d. Activated
complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
Exp: Activated complement, inflammatory cytokines, oxidants,
proteases, and growth factors attack epithelial cells, alter membrane
permeability, and cause proteinuria. None of the other options are
responsible for this process. page 1353-1357
Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
b. Renal vasoconstriction
