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CMTO STUDY GUIDE 2026 – Complete Anatomy, Physiology, Neurology, and Pathology Review | College of Massage Therapists of Ontario Exam Prep | Nervous System, Endocrine Disorders, Spinal Cord Lesions, Fractures, Diabetes, Whiplash, and Professional Standard

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Crush the CMTO licensing exam with this comprehensive study guide covering the essential anatomy, physiology, neurology, and pathology you need to know. From the brachial plexus (C5-T1) and peripheral nerve lesions to the difference between upper motor neuron (hyperreflexia) and lower motor neuron (flaccidity) lesions, this document distills complex medical concepts into clear, exam-ready notes. Key topics covered: Nervous System: A-delta vs C-fibers, action potential thresholds (-70mV resting, +40mV peak), sympathetic vs parasympathetic, blood-brain barrier, CNS vs PNS regeneration Endocrine System: Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes, insulin vs glucagon, Addison's disease, hyperthyroidism vs hypothyroidism, up-regulation vs down-regulation Neurological Conditions: Alzheimer's (hippocampus + acetylcholine), Parkinson's (dopamine), CVA (stroke), Brown-Séquard syndrome, cauda equina, whiplash grading (WAD Grades 1-4) Musculoskeletal: Carpal tunnel syndrome (median nerve), TOS (brachial plexus compression), piriformis syndrome (sciatic nerve), fractures (Colles', Pott's, simple vs compound) CMTO Standards: Scope of practice definition, committee structures (Discipline, Fitness to Practice, Client Relations), maximum fines for sexual abuse ($35,000) and failure to report ($25,000) Stop memorizing disjointed facts—master the interconnected systems that will appear on your exam.

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CMTO
Course
CMTO

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CMTO STUDY GUIDE 2026: 100+ QUESTIONS AND 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED
PASS!!

A-delta fibres
- answer-myolinated fibres that transmit sharp fast highly localized pain

Acetocoline (ACh)
- answer-neuro transmitter use primarily in the parasympathetic NS

Addison's disease
- answer-from distruction or disfunction of the adrenal cortex resulting in a
defeciency in cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgens (tanned skin pigmentation)

Afferent neurons
- answer-Carry sensory information to the CNS

all or nothing principle
- answer--55 mv

Alpha cells
- answer-secrete glucagon

Alzheimers
- answer-hippocampus effected (controls processing, making new memories, and
retrieving old ones) decrease of acetylcholine (neuro transmitter for memory)
meds can delay not cure

astrocytes
- answer-Axon guidance and synaptic support, control of the blood brain barrier
and blood flow

ataxia
- answer-lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement

Autonomic nervous system
- answer-Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and
glands.

, autonomic nervous system
- answer-involuntary, motor neurons to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

Axon hillock creates...
- answer-action potential

B lymphocytes
- answer-AKA B cells, Once B cells have been activated by a pathogen, they form
plasma cells that produce antibodies.

Basal ganglia
- answer-Regulates volentary movements. surpresses unwanted movements.

Beta cells
- answer-secrete insulin

blood brain barrier
- answer-The blood-brain barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, which are
connected by tight junctions with an extremely high electrical resistivity

Blood vessels only have _________ nerve supply
- answer-sympathetic

bracial plexus
- answer-anterior rami of C5-T1
Musculopatanious, axillary, median, radial, ulnar

Brown-Sequard syndrome
- answer-loss of motor / weakness and proprioception on same side as lesion, loss
of pain and temperature on opposite side

C-fibres
- answer-UNMYOLINATED fibres that carry slow, dull achey pooly localized
pain

cauda equina
- answer-the part of the PNS that extends after CNS ends at L1

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