How does the skeletal muscle pump aid venous return?
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Contraction of muscles compresses veins; venous valves prevent backflow
→ propels blood toward the heart
Which factor has the greatest effect on resistance?
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Vessel radius (inversely proportional to resistance to the 4th power —
Poiseuille's Law).
,How do extrinsic and intrinsic controls work together?
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Extrinsic: Adjusts systemic blood pressure and distribution of flow.
Intrinsic: Fine-tunes local flow to meet tissue metabolic needs.
How do lipid-soluble substances cross capillaries?
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Directly through endothelial cell membranes (diffusion).
Where is blood pressure highest and lowest in the body?
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Highest in the aorta, lowest in the vena cava.
What is meant by "rapid-transit passageways"?
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Elastic arteries quickly deliver blood to smaller arteries with minimal
resistance due to their large lumen and low friction
,What are key structural features of erythrocytes?
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Biconcave shape → increases surface area for gas exchange
Lack nucleus and organelles → more room for hemoglobin
Flexible membrane → allows passage through capillaries
What are the two main mechanisms of capillary exchange?
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Diffusion and bulk flow
What are the parasympathetic effects of a BP rise?
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Parasympathetic (vagal) activity increases → further decreases HR.
What happens when CO decreases (e.g., heart failure)?
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MAP decreases
, Why does blood velocity decrease in capillaries?
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Capillaries have huge total cross-sectional area → flow slows, allowing
time for exchange despite constant total flow
What is the normal range for pulse pressure?
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Approximately 40 mmHg (e.g., 120 − 80 mmHg
What does a narrow pulse pressure indicate?
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Low stroke volume (e.g., heart failure, blood loss, or shock)
What is the formula for MAP using SBP and DBP?
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MAP = (SBP + 2 × DBP) / 3
Give this one a try later!
Contraction of muscles compresses veins; venous valves prevent backflow
→ propels blood toward the heart
Which factor has the greatest effect on resistance?
Give this one a try later!
Vessel radius (inversely proportional to resistance to the 4th power —
Poiseuille's Law).
,How do extrinsic and intrinsic controls work together?
Give this one a try later!
Extrinsic: Adjusts systemic blood pressure and distribution of flow.
Intrinsic: Fine-tunes local flow to meet tissue metabolic needs.
How do lipid-soluble substances cross capillaries?
Give this one a try later!
Directly through endothelial cell membranes (diffusion).
Where is blood pressure highest and lowest in the body?
Give this one a try later!
Highest in the aorta, lowest in the vena cava.
What is meant by "rapid-transit passageways"?
Give this one a try later!
Elastic arteries quickly deliver blood to smaller arteries with minimal
resistance due to their large lumen and low friction
,What are key structural features of erythrocytes?
Give this one a try later!
Biconcave shape → increases surface area for gas exchange
Lack nucleus and organelles → more room for hemoglobin
Flexible membrane → allows passage through capillaries
What are the two main mechanisms of capillary exchange?
Give this one a try later!
Diffusion and bulk flow
What are the parasympathetic effects of a BP rise?
Give this one a try later!
Parasympathetic (vagal) activity increases → further decreases HR.
What happens when CO decreases (e.g., heart failure)?
Give this one a try later!
MAP decreases
, Why does blood velocity decrease in capillaries?
Give this one a try later!
Capillaries have huge total cross-sectional area → flow slows, allowing
time for exchange despite constant total flow
What is the normal range for pulse pressure?
Give this one a try later!
Approximately 40 mmHg (e.g., 120 − 80 mmHg
What does a narrow pulse pressure indicate?
Give this one a try later!
Low stroke volume (e.g., heart failure, blood loss, or shock)
What is the formula for MAP using SBP and DBP?
Give this one a try later!
MAP = (SBP + 2 × DBP) / 3
