MBIO 3401 ZHANG TEST ONE STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Epigenetics. Answer:environmental affect on gene
⩥ Premature aging. Answer:Hutchinson- Gilford progeria syndrome
(mutation in Lamin A gene, chrom 1)
⩥ Life evolved from the same ancestor. Answer:3.5-4 bya
- all orgs share similar genetic system
⩥ Central Dogma of Biology. Answer:DNA -> mRNA -> Protein (Rep-
Transcription-Translation)
⩥ Reverse Transcription. Answer:MRNA ---> DNA
⩥ Prokaryotes. Answer:Single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
(Bacteria, archae)
⩥ Eukaryotes. Answer:Cells that contain nuclei (nucleus, mitochondrian,
chloroplast)
⩥ TQ: Model genetics organism. Answer:1. studied extensively
,2. 1 prokaryote (e. coli)
3. 7 eukaryotes
- "budding yeast" saccharomyces
- "thale cress plant" Arabidopsis
- "Nematode" worm; caenorhabiditi
- "Fruit fly" Drosphilia
- "Honey Bee" Apis mellifera
- "Zebrafish" Danio rerio
- "House mouse" Mus musculus
⩥ Gene. Answer:- unit of heredity
- dna chemically
- located on chromosomes
⩥ allele. Answer:multiple forms of a gene
⩥ bacterial cell. Answer:no ribosomes, no nucleus, no mitochondria.
⩥ Prokaryotes. Answer:- eubacteria ( true bacteria)
,- transcription and translation occur in same compartment. bacteria
created in same place.
⩥ Bacterial chromosomes. Answer:- Plasmids (circular dna) and
bacterial dna
- does not have histones
⩥ Eukaryotes. Answer:- DNA in organelles stored
- Animals: nucleus and mito. (2 gen)
- Plants: nucleus, mito., chloroplasts
(3 genome)
- Transcription occurs in nucleus , translation in cytoplasm. not the same
place. Separated by membrane.
⩥ Eukaryotic Nuclear DNA. Answer:- has histones
- forms chromatin (50-50 dna and protein)
- folded chromatin = chromosomes
, ⩥ TQ: Viruses. Answer:Prokaryotic nor Eukaryotic do not have cellular
structures.
- either a DNA virus, or RNA virus. Never both!
⩥ Cell division. Answer:Cellular reproduction
Purpose: to transmit dna to new cells and to next generation.
Transmission of genetic material.
⩥ Cell reproduction. Answer:1. DNA replication
2. Complete copy of genome separated to diff regions
3. cells divide
⩥ Eukaryotic organisms. Answer:Number of chromosomes does not
equal complexity of organism
- Thale cress = 10 chrom
- Fruit fly = 8 chrom
- Humans= 46 chrom
(n is ploidy, m is number of chrom in haploid genome) multiply.
2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Epigenetics. Answer:environmental affect on gene
⩥ Premature aging. Answer:Hutchinson- Gilford progeria syndrome
(mutation in Lamin A gene, chrom 1)
⩥ Life evolved from the same ancestor. Answer:3.5-4 bya
- all orgs share similar genetic system
⩥ Central Dogma of Biology. Answer:DNA -> mRNA -> Protein (Rep-
Transcription-Translation)
⩥ Reverse Transcription. Answer:MRNA ---> DNA
⩥ Prokaryotes. Answer:Single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
(Bacteria, archae)
⩥ Eukaryotes. Answer:Cells that contain nuclei (nucleus, mitochondrian,
chloroplast)
⩥ TQ: Model genetics organism. Answer:1. studied extensively
,2. 1 prokaryote (e. coli)
3. 7 eukaryotes
- "budding yeast" saccharomyces
- "thale cress plant" Arabidopsis
- "Nematode" worm; caenorhabiditi
- "Fruit fly" Drosphilia
- "Honey Bee" Apis mellifera
- "Zebrafish" Danio rerio
- "House mouse" Mus musculus
⩥ Gene. Answer:- unit of heredity
- dna chemically
- located on chromosomes
⩥ allele. Answer:multiple forms of a gene
⩥ bacterial cell. Answer:no ribosomes, no nucleus, no mitochondria.
⩥ Prokaryotes. Answer:- eubacteria ( true bacteria)
,- transcription and translation occur in same compartment. bacteria
created in same place.
⩥ Bacterial chromosomes. Answer:- Plasmids (circular dna) and
bacterial dna
- does not have histones
⩥ Eukaryotes. Answer:- DNA in organelles stored
- Animals: nucleus and mito. (2 gen)
- Plants: nucleus, mito., chloroplasts
(3 genome)
- Transcription occurs in nucleus , translation in cytoplasm. not the same
place. Separated by membrane.
⩥ Eukaryotic Nuclear DNA. Answer:- has histones
- forms chromatin (50-50 dna and protein)
- folded chromatin = chromosomes
, ⩥ TQ: Viruses. Answer:Prokaryotic nor Eukaryotic do not have cellular
structures.
- either a DNA virus, or RNA virus. Never both!
⩥ Cell division. Answer:Cellular reproduction
Purpose: to transmit dna to new cells and to next generation.
Transmission of genetic material.
⩥ Cell reproduction. Answer:1. DNA replication
2. Complete copy of genome separated to diff regions
3. cells divide
⩥ Eukaryotic organisms. Answer:Number of chromosomes does not
equal complexity of organism
- Thale cress = 10 chrom
- Fruit fly = 8 chrom
- Humans= 46 chrom
(n is ploidy, m is number of chrom in haploid genome) multiply.
