BIOS255/ BIOS 255 Exam 3 | Anatomy & Physiology III (A&P 3) | 2026–2027 Latest Update | Verified Questions & Answers | Chamberlain

tps:// BIOS255/ BIOS 255 Exam 3 | Anatomy & Physiology III (A&P 3) | 2026–2027 Latest Update | Verified Questions & Answers | Chamberlain Q: Which peripheral resistance factor can be controlled quickly to adjust blood flow? Answer Blood vessel radius Q: What is the target tissue of ANP (hormone used to lower blood pressure)? Answer Arterial smooth muscle Q: What chemical does aldosterone reclaim in the kidney that helps to elevate blood pressure? Answer Sodium Q: Blood that is currently in the left carotid artery was previously in which artery? Answer Arch of the aorta Q: Blood in the subclavian vein flows into which vein next on its way back to the heart? Answer Brachiocephalic trunk Q: Which of the following blood vessels takes oxygenated blood to the brain? Answer Carotid Artery Q: What are the factors that influence systemic capillary resistance? Answer Blood viscosity, blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter, cardiac output Q: what is the MAP of someone with the following... Answer Systolic - 120mmHg Diastolic - 80mmHg 93.34mmHg Q: MAP formula Answer (systolic - diastolic)/3 + diastolic Q: What is the name of the lymphatic tissue found lining the organs of the respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract? Answer MALT Q: What is the correct order of lymphatic flow? Answer capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks, ducts Q: What lymphatic organ is found in between the lungs? Answer Thymus Q: Which lymphatic duct is responsible for the drainage of the right lower extremity? Answer Thoracic duct Q: Functions of the lymphatic system Answer fluid balance, formation of lymph, transport lipids, provide immunity lymphatic fluid closely resembles what other kind of fluid based on composition? Q: What does high compliance mean regarding Lungs? Answer The lungs have a lower level of elastic recoil due to the lungs being too pliable. Little difference in pleural pressure is needed to change the volume of the lungs. Q: What is Respiratory Distress Syndrome? Answer lack of surfactant in the lungs Q: What does RDS do in premature infants? Answer Occurs in premature babies whose lung have not fully developed and require extra oxygen and assisted breathing. Q: What is the region of an antigen that stimulates an immune response? Answer Antigenic Determinants or Epitopes Q: What are the conducting zone structures? Answer Nasal Cavity Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Most Bronchioles *all structures that provide passageways for air in and out of the lungs Q: What is gas exchange? Answer process by which oxygen is transported to cells and CO2 is transported from cells across the respiratory membrane Q: What is diffusion? Answer Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Q: What is the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli? Answer External Respiration Q: What is pulmonary ventilation? Answer The process of air glowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during expiration Q: How do CO2 levels affect pH of blood? Answer When the Carbon Dioxide level goes up in your blood, the pH goes down Q: What cells are primarily responsible for generating humoral immunity? Answer B-Cells (B lymphocyte) Q: What is humoral immunity? Answer antibody-mediated immunity Q: What defense mechanism prevents viral DNA replication? Answer Interferons alter the course of virus infections by inhibiting virus replication Q: What is the complement system? Answer a system of plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibodies which leads to a change of reactions Q: What is Boyle's Law? Answer The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. P varies inversely with V. P1V1 = P2V2. Q: What happens to thoracic volume during inhalation? Answer During inhalation, the thoracic cavity increases in volume and the interalveolar pressure decreases so air will flow into the lungs Q: What is the nerve that controls the diaphragm? Answer phrenic nerve Q: When does Eupnea begin? Quiet breathing occurs at rest and does not require thought. Q: Label the structures of upper respiratory anatomy, including cartilage Answer Epiglottis Hyoid Bone Thyroid Cartilage Ventricular Fold Vocal Cord Arytenoid Cartilage Q: What is happening at the peak of the exposure graph? Answer Bodies antibody response, and the larger peak is the secondary exposure Q: What is the role of your antigen presenting cells? Answer All of the above Q: What causes the partial pressure graph to shift left? Answer Increased oxygen affinity (R states) Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues Q: High pH (more basic) Answer Lower Temps High O2 affinity Hb variants What causes the partial pressure graph to shift right? Answer Reduced oxygen affinity (T State) Increase oxygen delivery to tissues Low pH (more acidic) Answer Increased CO2 Higher Temperatures Low O2 Affinity Hb variants What type of disease attacks your own cells? Answer Autoimmune Disease In a male adult, where does B Cells undergo positive selection? Answer Primary Lymphoid Organs Red Bone Marrow Where is red bone marrow found? Answer Ends of long bones and flat irregular bones How does the immune system detect foreign substances? Answer Antigens (proteins on the surface of invading cells) What are the signs of inflammation? redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function How do you calculate partial pressure? multiply the percent of each gas by the total pressure Atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg It is 21% O2 and 79% N2 Partial pressure of O2=(.21) x (760) = 160 mmHg Partial pressure of N2=(.79) x (760) = 600 mmHg What is partial pressure in oxygen and arterial blood? 100mmhg What antibodies is mostly associated with secondary immune responses? IGG What are different types of T Cells? Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Regulatory T cells Memory T Cells What is a helper T cell? Helper T cells secrete substances that activate or enhance immune responses. B cells require an interaction with helper T cells before they can begin rapid division. What is a cytotoxic T cell? A cytotoxic T-cell causes an immune response to tumor cells and those infected with a virus What is a regulatory T Cell? T Cells that suppress immune response, thereby maintaining homeostasis and self-tolerance What are memory T Cells? Antigen-experienced cells that mediate a faster and more potent response upon repeat encounter with antigen What is the two-layer membrane that covers the surface of the lungs? Pleural Membrane What are the organs in the immune system? bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal lymphatic tissue What is the difference between lymph and interstitial fluid LOCATION What are different words for breathing? PNEA What is sleep breathing Called? Sleep apnea Label events of breathing via graph Total Lung Capacity Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Expiratory Reserve Residual Volume Vital capacity How would you describe ventilation? The movement of air through the conducting passages between the atmosphere and the lungs What is internal respiration and external respiration? Internal Respiration: The exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries External Respiration: the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries Regarding the flu virus vaccine and how it would affect you during the following season Flu vaccine cause antibodies to develop in the body to provide protection against infection within the circulating influenza viruses. The flu viruses evolve resulting in needing a new shot every season. What are the factors that influence the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin? pH Temperature Carbon Dioxide 2,3-BPG Carbon Monoxide List three muscles that are involved in inspiration and expiration Inspiration: Sternocleidomastoid Scalene group Pectoralis Minor External intercostal Expiration: Internal intercostal Diaphragm Abdominals Quadratus lumborum What is a pneumothorax and explain how Boyle's law would affect the pressure within the lungs? A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall resulting in a collapse lung. According to Boyle's law, due to pneumothorax the volume has decrease, resulting in an increase in pressure. Functions of the Respiratory System -Gas exchange -Communication -Olfaction -Acid-Base balance -Blood pressure regulation -Blood and lymph flow -Platelet production -Blood filtration -Expulsion of abdominal contents Describe high compliance as it relates to healthy functions. -ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded High compliance= easy expansion Low compliance= resisted expansion Describe IRDS ( Infant respiratory distress syndrome) and describe the interventions that would be used to help a newborn premature baby suffering from IRDS. -leading cause of death in premature infants resulting from lack of surfactant production in alveoli -treated with artificial surfactant until they can make their own Define antigens, epitopes and antibodies. antigens: large molecule capable of binding to an antibody or immune cells and triggering an immune response epitopes: certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses antibodies: reacts with an antigen and aids in protecting the body from its harmful effects Identify the PO2 measurements at the end of a normal inhalation ( breathing through the nose ) in each of the following: Respiratory bronchiole Alveolus Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchus Respiratory bronchiole: 104mm Hg Alveolus: 104mm Hg Nasal cavity: atmospheric @ 159mm Hg Trachea: 104mm Hg Bronchus: 104mm Hg Describe the movement of O2 and CO2 in external and internal respirations and define internal: exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells; blood loses O2 and gains CO2 external: exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane; pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2. Pulmonary Ventilation -breathing -Inspiration (inhaling) & Expiration (exhaling) of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs Cellular Respiration Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen Effects of Temperature and pH on Oxygen dissociation curves (Figure 22.26 (a) Figure 22.26(b)) Macrophages -Phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other foreign matter -Process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting immune system to the presence of the enemy T lymphocytes directly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells, and the immune system remembers the antigens of those invaders and prevents them from causing disease in the future Natural killer cells large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous B lymphocytes -produce humoral immunity -Activated B cells develop into plasma cells -Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood -Circulating antibodies produce humoral immunity -directly attack pathogens Eosinophils -Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals -Release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites Perforins -kill cells in the same manner as NK cells -Polymerize a ring and create a hole in its plasma membrane Complement proteins Aid in destruction of toxins and microorganisms Defensins -peptides in the skin that kill microbes -destroy bacteria, viruses, and fungi Interferons infected cell alerts neighboring cells to protect them from becoming infected Describe Boyle's law -pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume -Describes air flow in and out of lungs during ventilation Describe the complement system in detail -a group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both innate immunity and adaptive immunity -complement the action of antibodies -pathways to complement activation: classical: activates only after an antigen-antibody complex is formed and is part of adaptive immunity alternative and lectin: part of innate immune system and bind directly to tumor cells and pathogens without the need of antibody-antigen complexes -enhances chemotaxis, phagocytosis, inflammation, and the destruction of cells via membrane attack complexes Describe the control of the dorsal respiratory group neurons on respiration -Modifies the rate and depth of breathing -controls the basic rhythm of breathing by triggering inspiratory impulses -neurons send impulses to the motor nerves of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles Describe the processes of exhalation and inhalation during eupnea (and identify the muscles involved). -inspiratory neurons fire for about 2 sec, expiratory neurons fire for about 3 sec -Normal quiet breathing -diaphragm and external intercostal muscles Anatomy of the larynx Figure 22.4 (a, b) -Corniculate cartilage -Thyroid cartilage -Epiglottis -Cricoid cartilage Primary and secondary responses in humoral immunity (figure 21.28) Describe the role of antigen presenting cells in immunity -alert the immune system to presence of foreign antigen -detects, engulfs, and informs the adaptive immune response about an infection -when a pathogen is detected, APCs will phagocytose the pathogen and digest it to form many different fragments of the antigen Describe the effect of reduced ph due to build up of CO2 on oxygen hemoglobin affinity as well as the delivery of oxygen to tissues. increase in CO2 results in a decrease in blood pH, resulting in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of oxygen -a decrease in carbon dioxide provokes an increase in pH, which results in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen Describe Autoimmune diseases and self tolerance. Autoimmune diseases: failures of self-tolerance; Immune system does not correctly distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones; Produces autoantibodies that attack body’s own tissues Self-tolerance: restraint from attacking the body’s own tissues Identify and label components of the lymphatic system. Primary: -Red bone marrow -Thymus Secondary: -Lymph nodes -Tonsils -Spleen Describe Red bone marrow -involved in hematopoiesis (blood formation) and immunity -Soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material -B-cell maturation Describe the Lymph nodes -most numerous lymphatic organs -removes unwanted waste -B-cells and T-cells activation site Describe the Tonsils -found in pharynx -helps to trap inhaled or ingested foreign substances -Pharyngeal tonsils -Palatine tonsils -Lingual tonsils Describe the thymus -shrinks as we age and is replaced with adipose tissue -produces hormones that help to mature and grow the T-cell Lymphocytes Describe the Spleen -largest lymphatic tissue in the body -phagocytosis of bacteria and old RBCs; acts as a blood reservoir -highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection List and describe the signs and symptoms of inflammation -defense response to tissue injury, trauma and infection -Limits spread of pathogens, then destroys them -Removes debris from damaged tissue -Initiates tissue repair -Redness, swelling, heat, pain Dalton's law of partial pressures -each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present Pn2 + Po2 + Ph2o + Pco Partial pressure: The separate contribution of each gas in a mixture Normal PO2 and PCO2 values in systemic arterial blood. PCO2 40 mm Hg PO2 100 mm Hg IgA -occurs as monomers and dimers -in mucus, saliva, tears, milk, and intestinal secretions -Prevents pathogen adherence to epithelia and penetrating underlying tissues IgD -monomer -transmembrane protein of B cells -activation of B cells by antigens IgG -monomer -constitutes 80% of circulating antibodies -Crosses placenta to fetus, secreted in secondary immune response, complement fixation IgE -monomer -transmembrane protein on basophils and mast cells -Stimulates release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation and allergy -Attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections -Produces immediate hypersensitivity reactions IgM -pentamer in plasma and lymph -Secreted in primary immune response, agglutination, complement fixation Compare and contrast between Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells Cytotoxic T cells—kill infected or tumor cells by releasing a substance that poisons infected or tumor cells Helper T cells—release chemicals that attract and activate macrophages to kill cells by phagocytosis; produce chemicals that help activate B cells Pericardial Membrane lines the heart cavity and protects the heart Pleural membrane -moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines chest cavity and covers outer surface of lungs -reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing Peritoneal membrane lines the abdominal cavity and protects the abdominal organs Compare and contrast between lymph and interstitial fluid Interstitial: -any extracellular fluid that is not found in any vessels. Lymph: -been absorbed by the lymphatic vessels -lymph resembles interstitial fluid since it is essentially the same fluid only in the lymph vessel -Lymph is a subdivision of interstitial fluid Describe what happens in each of the following stages of lymphocyte maturation: clonal activation Clonal maturation Clonal presentation Describe in detail the effect of the HIV virus on the immune system -transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, or across the placenta -common transmission: Sexual intercourse, Contaminated blood products, Contaminated needles -develops drug resistance so medicines used in combination -strikes at the central coordinating agent of innate defense, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Figure 22.17 Minute Ventilation Calculation/ Formula for Minute ventilation= Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate Describe vaccinations in detail and explain the purpose of the influenza virus vaccine. Could the vaccine lead to the development of influenza itself? -consists of dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens that stimulate the immune response without causing the disease -vaccination results in immunity -it could not give you the flu List and describe the five different variables that influence the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in detail. Temperature: Active tissue has ↑ temp; promotes O2 unloading Ambient pH: Active tissue has ↑ CO2; Lowers pH of blood; Promotes O2 unloading Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG): RBCs produce BPG which binds to Hb; O2 is unloaded; raises body temp (fever), thyroxine, growth hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine all raise BPG and promote O2 unloading Rate of CO2 loading: adjusted to meet needs; Haldane effect; Low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2