NR 507 Final Exam Study Guide
1
,NR 507 Final Exam Study Guide
Chapters 1-5, 11-14, 16-20, 21-25, 27-3-33, 34-39, 40-47
1. Types of immunity-e.g. innate, active, etc (ch 7 ,191)
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation
Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body’s
surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the
environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms.
the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation confer innate resistance and
protection, commonly referred to as innate, native, or natural immunity.
Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an adaptive process that
results in a long-term and very effective immunity to the infecting microorganism,
referred to as adaptive, acquired, or specific immunity.
Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more
rapidly targets and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing
microorganism.
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and
inflammation. Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical
barriers at the body’s surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by
substances in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms
INNATE IMMUNITY
BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY
Level of defense First line of defense against infection and Second line of defense; occurs as a response to Third line ofdefense; initiated when
tissue injury tissue injury or infection innate immune system signals the
cells ofadaptive immunity
Timing of defense Constant Immediate response Delay between primary exposure to
antigen and maximum response;
immediate against secondary exposure
to antigen
Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific Response is very specific toward
“antigen”
Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natural macrophages, dendritic cells
killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial cells
Memory No memory involved No memory involved Specific immunologic memory by T
and B lymphocytes
Peptides Defensins, cathelicidins, collectins, Complement, clotting factors, kinins Antibodies, complement
lactoferrin, bacterial toxins
Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers (i.e., Protection includes vascular responses, cellular Protection includes activated T and B
skin and mucous membranes), cells and components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, and
secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines, antibodies
lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and activation of plasma protein systems
and ciliary activity
2. Alveolar ventilation/perfusion- (ch, 34,pg 1238)
The relationship between arterial perfusion and alveolar gas pressure at the base of the
lungs is best described as: arterial perfusion pressure exceeds alveolar gas pressure.
Effective gas exchange depends on an approximately even distribution of gas
(ventilation) and blood (perfusion) in all portions of the lungs. The lungs are suspended
2
, from the hila in the thoracic cavity. When the individual is in an upright position (sitting
or standing), gravity pulls the lungs down toward the diaphragm and compresses their
lower portions or bases.
3. Dermatologic conditions e.g. pityriasis rosea (ch46, pg 1630/1631)
Psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, and lichen planus are inflammatory disorders characterized by
papules, scales, plaques, and erythema
Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, proliferative, inflammatory disorder that involves the
skin, scalp, and nails and can occur at any age.
Pityriasis rosea is a benign self-limiting inflammatory disorder that occurs more often in
young adults, with seasonal peaks in the spring and fall. The cause is unknown but
thought to be associated with a virus (e.g., human herpesvirus 6 [HHV-6] and HHV-7)
because of the timing and clustering of the outbreaks
Pityriasis rosea begins as a single lesion known as a herald patch that is circular,
demarcated, and salmon-pink; is approximately 3 to 4 cm in diameter; and is usually
located on the trunk
Lichen planus (LP) is a benign, autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the skin and
mucous membranes with multiple clinical variations. The cause is unknown, but T cells,
adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, perforin, and antigen-presenting cells are
involved.The infiltrate of T cells mediates immunoreactivity against basal layer
keratinocytes, which have altered surface antigens and adhesion molecules
LP is also linked to hepatitis C virus. Some individuals develop lichenoid lesions after
exposure to drugs or film-processing chemicals. The age of onset is usually between 30
and 70 years. The disorder begins with flat purple, polygonal, pruritic, nonscaling papules
2 to 4 mm in size, usually located on the wrists, ankles, lower legs, and genitalia
New lesions are pale pink and evolve into a dark violet. Persistent lesions may be
thickened and red, forming hypertrophic LP. Oral lesions (oral lichen planus) appear as
lacy white rings that must be differentiated from leukoplakia or oral candidiasis and they
may be precancerous lesions
4. Croup (C 36,pg 1294)-
Croup illnesses can be divided into two categories: (1) acute laryngotracheobronchitis
(croup) and (2) spasmodic croup. Diphtheria can be considered a croup illness but is
now rare because of vaccinations. Croup illnesses are all characterized by infection
and obstruction of the upper airways.
Croup is an acute laryngotracheobronchitis and most commonly occurs in children
from 6 months to 3 years of age, with peak incidence at 2 years of age
The incidence of croup is highest in late autumn and winter, corresponding to the
parainfluenza and RSV seasons, respectively. Croup is more common in boys than
girls. In a significant portion of affected children, croup is a recurrent problem during
childhood, and there is a family history of croup in about 15% of cases
Chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles) are produced by the varicella-
zoster virus (VZV). VZV is a complex herpes group deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
virus. The incubation period is 10 to 27 days, averaging 14 days. Productive infection
occurs within keratinocytes such that the vesicular lesions occur in the epidermis, and
an inflammatory infiltrate is often present
5. Types of anemia (ch 28,pg 987-1002)
3
1
,NR 507 Final Exam Study Guide
Chapters 1-5, 11-14, 16-20, 21-25, 27-3-33, 34-39, 40-47
1. Types of immunity-e.g. innate, active, etc (ch 7 ,191)
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation
Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body’s
surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the
environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms.
the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation confer innate resistance and
protection, commonly referred to as innate, native, or natural immunity.
Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an adaptive process that
results in a long-term and very effective immunity to the infecting microorganism,
referred to as adaptive, acquired, or specific immunity.
Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more
rapidly targets and eradicates a second infection with a particular disease-causing
microorganism.
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and
inflammation. Natural barriers are physical, mechanical, and biochemical
barriers at the body’s surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by
substances in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms
INNATE IMMUNITY
BARRIERS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNITY
Level of defense First line of defense against infection and Second line of defense; occurs as a response to Third line ofdefense; initiated when
tissue injury tissue injury or infection innate immune system signals the
cells ofadaptive immunity
Timing of defense Constant Immediate response Delay between primary exposure to
antigen and maximum response;
immediate against secondary exposure
to antigen
Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific Response is very specific toward
“antigen”
Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
basophils), monocytes/macrophages, natural macrophages, dendritic cells
killer (NK) cells, platelets, endothelial cells
Memory No memory involved No memory involved Specific immunologic memory by T
and B lymphocytes
Peptides Defensins, cathelicidins, collectins, Complement, clotting factors, kinins Antibodies, complement
lactoferrin, bacterial toxins
Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers (i.e., Protection includes vascular responses, cellular Protection includes activated T and B
skin and mucous membranes), cells and components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, and
secretory molecules or cytokines (e.g., macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines, antibodies
lysozymes, low pH of stomach and urine), and activation of plasma protein systems
and ciliary activity
2. Alveolar ventilation/perfusion- (ch, 34,pg 1238)
The relationship between arterial perfusion and alveolar gas pressure at the base of the
lungs is best described as: arterial perfusion pressure exceeds alveolar gas pressure.
Effective gas exchange depends on an approximately even distribution of gas
(ventilation) and blood (perfusion) in all portions of the lungs. The lungs are suspended
2
, from the hila in the thoracic cavity. When the individual is in an upright position (sitting
or standing), gravity pulls the lungs down toward the diaphragm and compresses their
lower portions or bases.
3. Dermatologic conditions e.g. pityriasis rosea (ch46, pg 1630/1631)
Psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, and lichen planus are inflammatory disorders characterized by
papules, scales, plaques, and erythema
Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, proliferative, inflammatory disorder that involves the
skin, scalp, and nails and can occur at any age.
Pityriasis rosea is a benign self-limiting inflammatory disorder that occurs more often in
young adults, with seasonal peaks in the spring and fall. The cause is unknown but
thought to be associated with a virus (e.g., human herpesvirus 6 [HHV-6] and HHV-7)
because of the timing and clustering of the outbreaks
Pityriasis rosea begins as a single lesion known as a herald patch that is circular,
demarcated, and salmon-pink; is approximately 3 to 4 cm in diameter; and is usually
located on the trunk
Lichen planus (LP) is a benign, autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the skin and
mucous membranes with multiple clinical variations. The cause is unknown, but T cells,
adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, perforin, and antigen-presenting cells are
involved.The infiltrate of T cells mediates immunoreactivity against basal layer
keratinocytes, which have altered surface antigens and adhesion molecules
LP is also linked to hepatitis C virus. Some individuals develop lichenoid lesions after
exposure to drugs or film-processing chemicals. The age of onset is usually between 30
and 70 years. The disorder begins with flat purple, polygonal, pruritic, nonscaling papules
2 to 4 mm in size, usually located on the wrists, ankles, lower legs, and genitalia
New lesions are pale pink and evolve into a dark violet. Persistent lesions may be
thickened and red, forming hypertrophic LP. Oral lesions (oral lichen planus) appear as
lacy white rings that must be differentiated from leukoplakia or oral candidiasis and they
may be precancerous lesions
4. Croup (C 36,pg 1294)-
Croup illnesses can be divided into two categories: (1) acute laryngotracheobronchitis
(croup) and (2) spasmodic croup. Diphtheria can be considered a croup illness but is
now rare because of vaccinations. Croup illnesses are all characterized by infection
and obstruction of the upper airways.
Croup is an acute laryngotracheobronchitis and most commonly occurs in children
from 6 months to 3 years of age, with peak incidence at 2 years of age
The incidence of croup is highest in late autumn and winter, corresponding to the
parainfluenza and RSV seasons, respectively. Croup is more common in boys than
girls. In a significant portion of affected children, croup is a recurrent problem during
childhood, and there is a family history of croup in about 15% of cases
Chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles) are produced by the varicella-
zoster virus (VZV). VZV is a complex herpes group deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
virus. The incubation period is 10 to 27 days, averaging 14 days. Productive infection
occurs within keratinocytes such that the vesicular lesions occur in the epidermis, and
an inflammatory infiltrate is often present
5. Types of anemia (ch 28,pg 987-1002)
3
