PHIL 434 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Utilitarianism - ANSWER ✔ one should act in accordance with the greatest
good for the greatest number of people. (MAXIMUM UTILITY) for all
parties involved.
2. Virtue Ethics - ANSWER ✔ Virtuous (good) acts are the product of habitual
good character; if you have put in the work to develop overall good
character, then whatever specific choice you make will be right.
3. Kantian Ethics - ANSWER ✔ the things we must do all the time no matter
what to be a good person.
4. Moral Relativism - ANSWER ✔ the view that moral judgments are true or
false, and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others.
5. Libertarianism - ANSWER ✔ maximize autonomy and political freedom,
and minimize government ruling; emphasizing free association and freedom
of choice.
,6. Ethics of Care - ANSWER ✔ Caring is the basis for human relationships.
The one giving care has to address the needs/reality of the person being
cared for.
7. autonomy - ANSWER ✔ The right to choice. The right to make decisions
about one's own life and body without coercion by others.
8. Beneficence - ANSWER ✔ refers to actions that promote the well-being of
others. professionals should benefit a party.
9. Non-maleficence - ANSWER ✔ refers to the avoidance of harming or
hurting others. do not kill, cause pain, or suffering.
10.Justice - ANSWER ✔ fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of persons.
11.Non-consequentialists believe that having a virtuous character or morals is
more important than consequences. - ANSWER ✔ True
12.Which seeks the greatest good for the greatest number of people? -
ANSWER ✔ Utilitarianism
13.Which type of fallacy does the statement below exemplify?
"I know I overeat, but all Americans do." - ANSWER ✔ Ad Populum
14.The study of the formal properties of arguments is: - ANSWER ✔ Logic
,15.Moral relativism states that no universal truths exist; right and wrong must
be defined in each society. - ANSWER ✔ True
16.Which type of fallacy does the statement below exemplify?
17."I know I overeat, but so do you." - ANSWER ✔ Tu Quoque
18.what are the concerning fundamental concepts with medical research? -
ANSWER ✔ 1. Personhood
2. Autonomy
3. Sentience
19.what does personhood mean? - ANSWER ✔ unifying our thoughts, beliefs,
choices, desires, and feelings and understanding them to belong to himself
20.define autonomy - ANSWER ✔ the right to make ones own decision about
ones body (self-determination)
21.define sentience - ANSWER ✔ a sense of awareness that a creature has
about the external world using senses (humans are self-aware and externally
aware)
22.what factors must be respected in any form of human research in order to be
morally permissible? - ANSWER ✔ 1. personhood
2. autonomy
3. sentience
, 23.what is the Utilitarian perspective of medical research on humans? -
ANSWER ✔ it is morally justified if that research leads to good
consequences for the majority of people, even if the rights of humans are
violated
24.what is the Kantian perspective of medical research on humans? - ANSWER
✔ humans should never be treated as a means to an end and the rights of
humans should never be violated even if the research leads to good
consequences
(might support if there is informed consent, treated with dignity, respect, and
fairly compensated)
25.when might the Kantian perspective support medical research on humans? -
ANSWER ✔ if there is informed consent, subjects are treated with dignity
and respect and are fairly compensated
26.what are the two fundamental concepts debated in regards to animal
subjects? - ANSWER ✔ 1. personhood
2. sentience
27.what is the debate around "personhood and sentience" when referring to
animal research - ANSWER ✔ there is no settled conclusion on whether or
not animals can be considered persons. We know they can feel pain, but to
what degree? and do all animals (fish, money, frog) feel pain in the same
way? Are animals self-aware (aware that pain is their own pain)? or are
animals only sentient of external phenomena?
28.what are the arguments against animal research? - ANSWER ✔ 1. it is
unnecessary
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Utilitarianism - ANSWER ✔ one should act in accordance with the greatest
good for the greatest number of people. (MAXIMUM UTILITY) for all
parties involved.
2. Virtue Ethics - ANSWER ✔ Virtuous (good) acts are the product of habitual
good character; if you have put in the work to develop overall good
character, then whatever specific choice you make will be right.
3. Kantian Ethics - ANSWER ✔ the things we must do all the time no matter
what to be a good person.
4. Moral Relativism - ANSWER ✔ the view that moral judgments are true or
false, and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others.
5. Libertarianism - ANSWER ✔ maximize autonomy and political freedom,
and minimize government ruling; emphasizing free association and freedom
of choice.
,6. Ethics of Care - ANSWER ✔ Caring is the basis for human relationships.
The one giving care has to address the needs/reality of the person being
cared for.
7. autonomy - ANSWER ✔ The right to choice. The right to make decisions
about one's own life and body without coercion by others.
8. Beneficence - ANSWER ✔ refers to actions that promote the well-being of
others. professionals should benefit a party.
9. Non-maleficence - ANSWER ✔ refers to the avoidance of harming or
hurting others. do not kill, cause pain, or suffering.
10.Justice - ANSWER ✔ fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of persons.
11.Non-consequentialists believe that having a virtuous character or morals is
more important than consequences. - ANSWER ✔ True
12.Which seeks the greatest good for the greatest number of people? -
ANSWER ✔ Utilitarianism
13.Which type of fallacy does the statement below exemplify?
"I know I overeat, but all Americans do." - ANSWER ✔ Ad Populum
14.The study of the formal properties of arguments is: - ANSWER ✔ Logic
,15.Moral relativism states that no universal truths exist; right and wrong must
be defined in each society. - ANSWER ✔ True
16.Which type of fallacy does the statement below exemplify?
17."I know I overeat, but so do you." - ANSWER ✔ Tu Quoque
18.what are the concerning fundamental concepts with medical research? -
ANSWER ✔ 1. Personhood
2. Autonomy
3. Sentience
19.what does personhood mean? - ANSWER ✔ unifying our thoughts, beliefs,
choices, desires, and feelings and understanding them to belong to himself
20.define autonomy - ANSWER ✔ the right to make ones own decision about
ones body (self-determination)
21.define sentience - ANSWER ✔ a sense of awareness that a creature has
about the external world using senses (humans are self-aware and externally
aware)
22.what factors must be respected in any form of human research in order to be
morally permissible? - ANSWER ✔ 1. personhood
2. autonomy
3. sentience
, 23.what is the Utilitarian perspective of medical research on humans? -
ANSWER ✔ it is morally justified if that research leads to good
consequences for the majority of people, even if the rights of humans are
violated
24.what is the Kantian perspective of medical research on humans? - ANSWER
✔ humans should never be treated as a means to an end and the rights of
humans should never be violated even if the research leads to good
consequences
(might support if there is informed consent, treated with dignity, respect, and
fairly compensated)
25.when might the Kantian perspective support medical research on humans? -
ANSWER ✔ if there is informed consent, subjects are treated with dignity
and respect and are fairly compensated
26.what are the two fundamental concepts debated in regards to animal
subjects? - ANSWER ✔ 1. personhood
2. sentience
27.what is the debate around "personhood and sentience" when referring to
animal research - ANSWER ✔ there is no settled conclusion on whether or
not animals can be considered persons. We know they can feel pain, but to
what degree? and do all animals (fish, money, frog) feel pain in the same
way? Are animals self-aware (aware that pain is their own pain)? or are
animals only sentient of external phenomena?
28.what are the arguments against animal research? - ANSWER ✔ 1. it is
unnecessary
