HVA 121 EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE
SOLVED QUESTIONS EDITION
▶ Hypotonic Solutions . Answer: Less solute so its less concentrated, only
a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
▶ Hypertonic Solutions . Answer: More solute, so its more concentrated,
lots of pepper flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
▶ Na+ Normal Range . Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
▶ K+ Normal Range . Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
▶ Cl- Normal Range . Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
▶ Ca2+ Normal Range . Answer: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
▶ Mg2+ Normal Range . Answer: 1.4-2.1 mEq/L
▶ Hyponatremia . Answer: Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
▶ Hypernatremia . Answer: High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old
person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough
▶ Hypokalemia . Answer: Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg
cramping, decreased bowel sounds
▶ Hyperkalemia . Answer: High potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds
▶ Hypocalcemia . Answer: weak bones and teeth, severe muscle
cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough
calcium or vitamin D
▶ Hypercalcemia . Answer: lethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone
cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates
SOLVED QUESTIONS EDITION
▶ Hypotonic Solutions . Answer: Less solute so its less concentrated, only
a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
▶ Hypertonic Solutions . Answer: More solute, so its more concentrated,
lots of pepper flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
▶ Na+ Normal Range . Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
▶ K+ Normal Range . Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
▶ Cl- Normal Range . Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
▶ Ca2+ Normal Range . Answer: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
▶ Mg2+ Normal Range . Answer: 1.4-2.1 mEq/L
▶ Hyponatremia . Answer: Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
▶ Hypernatremia . Answer: High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old
person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough
▶ Hypokalemia . Answer: Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg
cramping, decreased bowel sounds
▶ Hyperkalemia . Answer: High potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle
weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds
▶ Hypocalcemia . Answer: weak bones and teeth, severe muscle
cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough
calcium or vitamin D
▶ Hypercalcemia . Answer: lethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone
cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates
