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NSG 170 Test 3 Questions and Answers (100%
Correct Answers)
Metabolism
Ans: The complex process of biochemical reactions occurring in the body's cells
necessary to produce energy, repair cells, and sustain life
Thyroid Gland
Ans: Thyroid hormone maintains metabolic rate and growth and development of all
tissues. Both T3 and T4 are secreted in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Calcitonin maintains blood calcium levels by decreasing bone resorption and
decreasing resorption of calcium in the kidney's whenever levels of blood calcium
are elevated
Parathyroid Gland
Ans: Parathyroid hormone maintains blood calcium levels by stimulating bone
resorption and formation and by stimulating kidney resorption of calcium in
response to falling levels of blood calcium
Adrenal Cortex
Ans: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) promotes kidney tubule reabsorption of
sodium and water and excretion of potassium in response to elevated levels of
potassium and low levels of sodium, thereby increasing blood pressure and blood
volume. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) help regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins. Activate anti-inflammatory responses to stressors. Low cortisol levels
stimulate hypothalmic secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone, which
stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone,
which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Gonadocorticoids
(androgens and small amounts of estrogen and progesterone) produce a small
quantity of sex hormones; Androgens play a role in the secondary development of
the reproductive organs
Adrenal Medulla
Ans: Catecholamines (Epinephrine and nonepinephrine) stimulate the heart,
constrict blood vessels, inhibit visceral muscles, dilate bronchioles, increase
respiration and metabolism, and promote hyperglycemia. Secreted in response to
physical and psychological stress.
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
Ans: Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth of body tissues by enhancing protein
synthesis and promoting use of fat for energy, thus conserving glucose. Release is
stimulated by GH-releasing hormone in response to low GH levels, hypoglycemia,
increased amino acids, low fatty acids, and stress.
Age-Related Change
Ans: Pituitary: decreased production of ACTH, TSH, FSH; decreased secretion of
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glucocorticoids, 17-ketosteriods, progesterone, androgen, and estrogen (and thus
lower levels on diagnostic tests)
Thyroid: Increase in fibrosis and nodularity; decrease in gland activity; lower basal
metabolic rate; increased incidence of hypothyroidism; palpable nodules on
palpation
Adrenal Medulla: increase secretion and level of norepinephrine; decrease beta-
adrenergic response to norepinephrine; decreased response to beta-adrenergic and
receptor-blocking medications; possible contribution to incidence of hypertension
Pancreas: calcification of blood vessels and distention and dilation of pancreatic
ducts; decreased production of lipase with reduced fat absorption and digestion,
leading to intolerance of fatty foods and ingestion; decreased absorption of fat-
soluble vitamins
Pancreas (Again): delayed and decreased insulin release; believed to be accompanied
by decreased sensitivity to circulating insulin; decreased ability to metabolize
glucose with higher and more prolonged blood glucose levels, possibly contributing
to increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus with aging (however, higher than
normal blood glucose levels are not unusual in older adults without diabetes
Acid-Base Balance (Metabolic Acidosis (DKA) in type 1 diabetes)
Ans: The body no longer compensates; high blood glucose levels; thirst; polyuria;
vomiting; fatigue; nausea; abdominal pain. Later symptoms include: hypotension,
poor skin turgur, fruity breath, dry mucous membranes, decreased pulses, cool body
temperatures, and confusion
Perfusion (Myexedema)
Ans: Untreated Hypothyroidism; fluid retention; edema; dyspnea; profound
bradycardia; metabolic disorders; cardiovascular collapse; slow pulse; decreased
blood pressure
Oxygenation (Ascites)
Ans: Pressure on thoracic cavity; dyspnea; impaired oxygenation; cirrhosis; portal
hypertension; hypoalbuminemia; orthopnea on exertion; increased respiratory rate
Stress and Coping (Feelings of powerlessness and loss related to diabetes)
Ans: New diagnosis of diabetes; change in severity; fear
Osteoporosis
Ans: Metabolic bone disorder in which the rate of bone resorption increases and the
rate of bone formation decreases. Symptoms include: loss of height, increased
vertebral curvature, decreased exercise tolerance, decreased spinal movement
Cirrhosis
Ans: Widespread destruction of liver cells, which are replaced by less efficient
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fibrous cells. Symptoms include: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, indigestion,
constipation, diarrhea, and jaundice
Alterations Related To The Endocrine System
Ans: Leukodystrophies, Menkes Disease, Niemann-Pick Disease, Phenylketonuria,
Porphyria, Tay-Sachs Disease, Zellweger Syndrome, Maple Syrup urine disease
Type 1 Diabetes
Ans: Must inherit risk factors from both parents; no insulin produced; develops
more often in the winter months; can take years to develop
Type 2 Diabetes
Ans: Poor nutritional habits; very few insulin produced; obesity; cardiac disease
Graves Disease
Ans: Autoimmune disorder; most common cause of hypothyroidism; occurs when
immunoglobin produced when B lymphocytes stimulate oversecretion of thyroid
hormones. Symptoms include: increased appetite with weight loss, hypermotile
bowels, bloating, pain, diarrhea, heat intolerance, insomnia, palpitations, increased
sweating, smooth warm skin, hair loss
Hypothyroidism
Ans: Insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Symptoms
include: hypothermia, decreased appetite accompanied by weight gain, systemic
edema, lethargy, fatigue, bradycardia, altered lipid metabolism
CAGE Questionnaire for Cirrhosis
Ans: C: Have you ever felt you should CUT down on your drinking?
A: Have people ANNOYED you by criticizing your drinking?
G: Have you felt bad or GUILTY about your drinking?
E: Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or
change your ENERGY level?
Diagnostic Tests
Ans: Hemoglobin A1C
T3, T4, TSH
Individual Hormone Levels-parathyroid, estrogen, catecholamines, progesterone,
growth hormones
Serum Electrolytes
Liver Enzymes (AST, ALT, SGOT, LDH)
NSG 170 Test 3 Questions and Answers (100%
Correct Answers)
Metabolism
Ans: The complex process of biochemical reactions occurring in the body's cells
necessary to produce energy, repair cells, and sustain life
Thyroid Gland
Ans: Thyroid hormone maintains metabolic rate and growth and development of all
tissues. Both T3 and T4 are secreted in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Calcitonin maintains blood calcium levels by decreasing bone resorption and
decreasing resorption of calcium in the kidney's whenever levels of blood calcium
are elevated
Parathyroid Gland
Ans: Parathyroid hormone maintains blood calcium levels by stimulating bone
resorption and formation and by stimulating kidney resorption of calcium in
response to falling levels of blood calcium
Adrenal Cortex
Ans: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) promotes kidney tubule reabsorption of
sodium and water and excretion of potassium in response to elevated levels of
potassium and low levels of sodium, thereby increasing blood pressure and blood
volume. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) help regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins. Activate anti-inflammatory responses to stressors. Low cortisol levels
stimulate hypothalmic secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone, which
stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone,
which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Gonadocorticoids
(androgens and small amounts of estrogen and progesterone) produce a small
quantity of sex hormones; Androgens play a role in the secondary development of
the reproductive organs
Adrenal Medulla
Ans: Catecholamines (Epinephrine and nonepinephrine) stimulate the heart,
constrict blood vessels, inhibit visceral muscles, dilate bronchioles, increase
respiration and metabolism, and promote hyperglycemia. Secreted in response to
physical and psychological stress.
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
Ans: Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth of body tissues by enhancing protein
synthesis and promoting use of fat for energy, thus conserving glucose. Release is
stimulated by GH-releasing hormone in response to low GH levels, hypoglycemia,
increased amino acids, low fatty acids, and stress.
Age-Related Change
Ans: Pituitary: decreased production of ACTH, TSH, FSH; decreased secretion of
,2 Inquire through: | Professional | Confidential Support
glucocorticoids, 17-ketosteriods, progesterone, androgen, and estrogen (and thus
lower levels on diagnostic tests)
Thyroid: Increase in fibrosis and nodularity; decrease in gland activity; lower basal
metabolic rate; increased incidence of hypothyroidism; palpable nodules on
palpation
Adrenal Medulla: increase secretion and level of norepinephrine; decrease beta-
adrenergic response to norepinephrine; decreased response to beta-adrenergic and
receptor-blocking medications; possible contribution to incidence of hypertension
Pancreas: calcification of blood vessels and distention and dilation of pancreatic
ducts; decreased production of lipase with reduced fat absorption and digestion,
leading to intolerance of fatty foods and ingestion; decreased absorption of fat-
soluble vitamins
Pancreas (Again): delayed and decreased insulin release; believed to be accompanied
by decreased sensitivity to circulating insulin; decreased ability to metabolize
glucose with higher and more prolonged blood glucose levels, possibly contributing
to increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus with aging (however, higher than
normal blood glucose levels are not unusual in older adults without diabetes
Acid-Base Balance (Metabolic Acidosis (DKA) in type 1 diabetes)
Ans: The body no longer compensates; high blood glucose levels; thirst; polyuria;
vomiting; fatigue; nausea; abdominal pain. Later symptoms include: hypotension,
poor skin turgur, fruity breath, dry mucous membranes, decreased pulses, cool body
temperatures, and confusion
Perfusion (Myexedema)
Ans: Untreated Hypothyroidism; fluid retention; edema; dyspnea; profound
bradycardia; metabolic disorders; cardiovascular collapse; slow pulse; decreased
blood pressure
Oxygenation (Ascites)
Ans: Pressure on thoracic cavity; dyspnea; impaired oxygenation; cirrhosis; portal
hypertension; hypoalbuminemia; orthopnea on exertion; increased respiratory rate
Stress and Coping (Feelings of powerlessness and loss related to diabetes)
Ans: New diagnosis of diabetes; change in severity; fear
Osteoporosis
Ans: Metabolic bone disorder in which the rate of bone resorption increases and the
rate of bone formation decreases. Symptoms include: loss of height, increased
vertebral curvature, decreased exercise tolerance, decreased spinal movement
Cirrhosis
Ans: Widespread destruction of liver cells, which are replaced by less efficient
, 3 Inquire through: | Professional | Confidential Support
fibrous cells. Symptoms include: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, indigestion,
constipation, diarrhea, and jaundice
Alterations Related To The Endocrine System
Ans: Leukodystrophies, Menkes Disease, Niemann-Pick Disease, Phenylketonuria,
Porphyria, Tay-Sachs Disease, Zellweger Syndrome, Maple Syrup urine disease
Type 1 Diabetes
Ans: Must inherit risk factors from both parents; no insulin produced; develops
more often in the winter months; can take years to develop
Type 2 Diabetes
Ans: Poor nutritional habits; very few insulin produced; obesity; cardiac disease
Graves Disease
Ans: Autoimmune disorder; most common cause of hypothyroidism; occurs when
immunoglobin produced when B lymphocytes stimulate oversecretion of thyroid
hormones. Symptoms include: increased appetite with weight loss, hypermotile
bowels, bloating, pain, diarrhea, heat intolerance, insomnia, palpitations, increased
sweating, smooth warm skin, hair loss
Hypothyroidism
Ans: Insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Symptoms
include: hypothermia, decreased appetite accompanied by weight gain, systemic
edema, lethargy, fatigue, bradycardia, altered lipid metabolism
CAGE Questionnaire for Cirrhosis
Ans: C: Have you ever felt you should CUT down on your drinking?
A: Have people ANNOYED you by criticizing your drinking?
G: Have you felt bad or GUILTY about your drinking?
E: Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or
change your ENERGY level?
Diagnostic Tests
Ans: Hemoglobin A1C
T3, T4, TSH
Individual Hormone Levels-parathyroid, estrogen, catecholamines, progesterone,
growth hormones
Serum Electrolytes
Liver Enzymes (AST, ALT, SGOT, LDH)
