NR 304 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026/2027 LATEST UPDATED
arteries
active blood flow
veins
passive blood flow - do not have a pulse, returns to the heart via movement through the skeletal
muscles
femoral pulse site
groin
popliteal pulse site
back of knee
radial pulse site
Located at the wrist on the thumb side
dorsalis pedis pulse site
top of foot
posterior tibial pulse site
on medial surface of ankle near ankle bone
ischemia
Lack of blood supply, causes pain
necrosis
long term lack of blood supply, tissue death
axillary lymph nodes
located under the arms in the armpits
cervical lymph nodes
located along the sides of the neck
Epitrochlear lymph nodes
Epitrochlear lymph nodes- drains from the hand and forearm
inguinal lymph nodes
located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen
Children and Lymph Nodes
nodes can be enlarged with no pain/infection
Pregnancy and PV
dependent edema, varicose veins
peripheral artery disease
A form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an artery,
usually one leading to a leg or arm. 50% of cases are African Americans. RF: smoking, HTN,
diabetes
intermittent claudication
when walking, muscle needs more O2 blood, and you have any kind of occlusion, when walking
pain is increased
Pulse Scale
0: absent
1+: weak
, 2+: normal
3+: increased, full, bounding
Allen test
determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and
observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery, determine if radial
artery has been damaged, press radial artery then see if ulnar artery perfuses to hand
venous ulcers
bleed, medial malleolus
arterial (ischemic) ulcers
does not bleed, has a necrotic black crust, lateral malleolus
neuropathic ulcer
destroys nerve endings, burning pain/numbness
Edema Scale
• 1+ Mild pitting, slight indentation, no perceptible swelling of the leg
• 2+ Moderate pitting, indentation, subsides rapidly
• 3+ Deep pitting, indentation remains for a short time, leg looks swollen
• 4+ Very deep pitting, indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen
Doppler ultrasound
determine location of pulse
Raynaud's disease
autoimmune, sporadic vasoconstriction then relaxation, happens in hands/toes usually
Lymphadema
enlarged lymph nodes, hard edema
Varicose veins
abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs
DVT
inflammatory process, swelling, redness, heat, pain, happens from venastasis, pooling of blood in
calf
-tachycardia, low grade temp
-women on birth control who smoke are at a higher risk, and also those who are dehydrated since
blood is more viscous
-Do not perform homan's sign test (flexing foot back)
anneurysm
can be born with or develop, serious with abdominal aorta/coronary arteries/brain
Decreased Arterial Flow
doesn't work well around gravity, blue then pallor
Decreased Venous Flow
brown, using muscles improves
What happens when valves of the veins do not work right
edema/varicose veins
arterial insufficiency
not getting enough arterial blood flow = ischemic pain, usually happens on one leg, leg appears
shiny, hairless, red/blue then pallor, limb gets cool, pain gets better when resting since the limb
doesn't need as much O2 blood flow (intermittent claudication), gravity works for it when legs
are down, causes impotence in males, can affect nails/toes
venous insufficiency
2026/2027 LATEST UPDATED
arteries
active blood flow
veins
passive blood flow - do not have a pulse, returns to the heart via movement through the skeletal
muscles
femoral pulse site
groin
popliteal pulse site
back of knee
radial pulse site
Located at the wrist on the thumb side
dorsalis pedis pulse site
top of foot
posterior tibial pulse site
on medial surface of ankle near ankle bone
ischemia
Lack of blood supply, causes pain
necrosis
long term lack of blood supply, tissue death
axillary lymph nodes
located under the arms in the armpits
cervical lymph nodes
located along the sides of the neck
Epitrochlear lymph nodes
Epitrochlear lymph nodes- drains from the hand and forearm
inguinal lymph nodes
located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen
Children and Lymph Nodes
nodes can be enlarged with no pain/infection
Pregnancy and PV
dependent edema, varicose veins
peripheral artery disease
A form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an artery,
usually one leading to a leg or arm. 50% of cases are African Americans. RF: smoking, HTN,
diabetes
intermittent claudication
when walking, muscle needs more O2 blood, and you have any kind of occlusion, when walking
pain is increased
Pulse Scale
0: absent
1+: weak
, 2+: normal
3+: increased, full, bounding
Allen test
determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and
observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery, determine if radial
artery has been damaged, press radial artery then see if ulnar artery perfuses to hand
venous ulcers
bleed, medial malleolus
arterial (ischemic) ulcers
does not bleed, has a necrotic black crust, lateral malleolus
neuropathic ulcer
destroys nerve endings, burning pain/numbness
Edema Scale
• 1+ Mild pitting, slight indentation, no perceptible swelling of the leg
• 2+ Moderate pitting, indentation, subsides rapidly
• 3+ Deep pitting, indentation remains for a short time, leg looks swollen
• 4+ Very deep pitting, indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen
Doppler ultrasound
determine location of pulse
Raynaud's disease
autoimmune, sporadic vasoconstriction then relaxation, happens in hands/toes usually
Lymphadema
enlarged lymph nodes, hard edema
Varicose veins
abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs
DVT
inflammatory process, swelling, redness, heat, pain, happens from venastasis, pooling of blood in
calf
-tachycardia, low grade temp
-women on birth control who smoke are at a higher risk, and also those who are dehydrated since
blood is more viscous
-Do not perform homan's sign test (flexing foot back)
anneurysm
can be born with or develop, serious with abdominal aorta/coronary arteries/brain
Decreased Arterial Flow
doesn't work well around gravity, blue then pallor
Decreased Venous Flow
brown, using muscles improves
What happens when valves of the veins do not work right
edema/varicose veins
arterial insufficiency
not getting enough arterial blood flow = ischemic pain, usually happens on one leg, leg appears
shiny, hairless, red/blue then pallor, limb gets cool, pain gets better when resting since the limb
doesn't need as much O2 blood flow (intermittent claudication), gravity works for it when legs
are down, causes impotence in males, can affect nails/toes
venous insufficiency
