VIRGINIA COMMERCIAL APPLICATOR
CATEGORY 3B TURF PEST CONTROL
KEY TERMS
Calibrate=-=ans-
✔✔To=measure=the=delivery=rate=and=distribution=of=application=equipment;=to=adjust=
application=equipment=so=the=desired=amount=of=pesticide=is=applied=evenly=to=a=give
n=area.
Disease=-=ans-
✔✔An=abnormal,=unhealthy=condition.=Turf=diseases=may=be=caused=by=abiotic=or=bio
tic=factors.=However,=they=are=typically=due=to=infectious=organisms=such=as=bacteria,=
fungi,=and=viruses.
Exclusion=-=ans-✔✔Using=some=sort=of=barrier=to=keep=a=pest=out=of=an=area.
Exposure=-=ans-
✔✔Coming=in=contact=with=a=pesticide=either=by=ingestion=(oral),=inhalation,=or=absorp
tion=through=the=skin=(dermal).
Habitat=-=ans-✔✔A=specific=area=or=environment=in=which=an=organism=normally=lives.
Insect=-=ans-
✔✔An=arthropod=with=three=body=regions:=a=head=(front),=a=thorax=(middle),=and=an=a
bdomen=(rear).=Most=insects=have=one=pair=of=antennae=on=the=head,=two=pairs=of=Wi
ngs,=and=three=pairs=of=legs=on=the=thorax.=Most=have=complex=mouthparts=adapted=f
or=a=special=type=of=feeding.
Integrated=Pest=Management=(IPM)=-=ans-
✔✔VA=management=system=that=uses=all=appropriate=pest=control=strategies=to=reduc
e=pest=populations=to=an=acceptable=level.=IPM=uses=an=ecological=approach=to=pest=
management.
Life=Cycle=-=ans-
✔✔An=0rganism's=progression=through=developmental=stages.=As=some=organisms=go
=through=their=life=cycle,=they=change=in=body=form=and=habits.
Mite=-=ans-
✔✔A=small=arachnid=with=eight=legs=in=the=adult=stage.=Mites=have=a=single=body=regi
on,=which=seems=to=lack=segmentation.=Some=mites=are=plant=pests.
,Mollusk=-=ans-✔✔A=soft-
bodied=animal.=A=mollusk=does=not=have=a=backbone.=Mollusks=have=a=hard=calcium-
based=shell=covering=its=body.=Clams,=snails,=and=slugs=are=mollusks.
Monitoring=-=ans-✔✔The=process=of=assessing-"keeping=tabs=on"—
the=size=and=distribution=of=a=pest=population=in=an=area.
Natural=Controls=-=ans-
✔✔Natural=forces=that=affect=pest=populations.=Examples=include=climate,=natural=ene
mies,=natural=barriers,=and=the=availability=of=food,=water,=and=shelter.=These=natural=f
orces=act=independently=and=may=either=help=or=hinder=human=attempts=to=control=pe
sts.
Nematode=-=ans-
✔✔A=small,=unsegmented=roundworm.=Most=nematodes=are=so=small=that=they=canno
t=be=seen=with=the=naked=eye.
Leaching=-=ans-
✔✔Movement=of=a=substance=(such=as=a=pesticide)=in=solution=downward=through=soi
l.
Nematicide=-=ans-✔✔A=pesticide=that=controls=nematodes.
Parasite=-=ans-
✔✔An=organism=that=obtains=its=food=from=another=living=thing,=and=in=so=doing,=harm
s=that=organism=(its=host).=The=disease=organism=is=the=parasite,=and=the=infected=org
anism=is=the=host.
Perennial=-=ans-✔✔A=plant=that=lives=for=more=than=two=growing=seasons.
Pesticide=-=ans-
✔✔Any=substance=used=to=control=or=repel=a=pest,=or=to=reduce=the=unwanted=or=har
mful=effects=of=a=pest.
Phloem=-=ans-✔✔A=specialized=plant=tissue,=that=conducts=food.
Phytotoxicity=-=ans-
✔✔Injury=or=damage=to=a=sensitive=plant=caused=by=a=chemical=exposure.
Poling=-=ans-
✔✔Brushing=the=surface=of=a=turf=stand=with=long,=limber=bamboo=poles.=This=practic
e=helps=remove=water=from=leaves.=Poling=bermudagrass=golf=greens=in=early=mornin
g=helps=to=get=rid=of=dew.
Predator=-=ans-✔✔An=animal=which=hunts=and=kills=other=animals=for=food.
, Relative=Humidity=(RH)=-=ans-✔✔A=temperature-
specific=measure=of=the=amount=of=moisture=held=in=the=air.=RH=is=the=ratio=of=the=am
ount=of=water=vapor=in=air=at=a=specific=temperature=to=the=amount=of=Water=vapor=re
quired=for=saturation=at=that=temperature.
Resistance=-=ans-
✔✔The=ability=of=a=plant=to=withstand=infection=or=attack=by=a=pest.=There=are=levels=
of=resistance.=For=example,=some=plant=strains=may=be=susceptible,=weakly=resistant,=
or=strongly=resistant=to=a=specific=type=of=pest.=Total=resistance=is="immunity."
Saprophyte=-=ans-
✔✔An=organism=that=obtains=its=nutrition=from=dead=or=decaying=organic=matter.
Aqueous=Spray=-=ans-
✔✔An=application=in=which=the=pesticide=product=is=diluted=with=Water=and=applied=as
=a=liquid=spray.
Backpack=Sprayer=-=ans-✔✔A=hand-
pumped=sprayer=carried=on=the=back=of=the=operator.=Backpack=sprayers=are=usually=
used=for=treating=small=areas=and=for=making=spot=treatments.
Back=Siphoning=-=ans-
✔✔Movement=of=liquid=from=the=application=equipment=back=into=the=Water=source.
Calibration=-=ans-
✔✔The=process=of=measuring=and=adjusting=the=amount=of=pesticide=a=piece=of=equip
ment=applies=to=a=target.
Density=-=ans-✔✔Mass=per=unit=volume.
Fog=-=ans-✔✔Small=droplets=(10=to=60=microns)=produced=when=an=oil-
base=preparation=is=dispensed=through=a=special=device=that=uses=heat=to=vaporize=th
e=pesticide.
Absorption=-=ans-✔✔The=process=of=taking=in=(soaking=up)=a=substance.
Adsorption=-=ans-
✔✔The=process=of=adhering=and=holding=(binding)=something=to=a=surface.=Some=pes
ticides=adhere=(bind)=to=surfaces=of=mineral=or=soil=particles=and/
or=to=organic=matter,=such=as=thatch.
Drift=-=ans-✔✔Pesticide=moving=away=from=the=release=site=in=the=air.
CATEGORY 3B TURF PEST CONTROL
KEY TERMS
Calibrate=-=ans-
✔✔To=measure=the=delivery=rate=and=distribution=of=application=equipment;=to=adjust=
application=equipment=so=the=desired=amount=of=pesticide=is=applied=evenly=to=a=give
n=area.
Disease=-=ans-
✔✔An=abnormal,=unhealthy=condition.=Turf=diseases=may=be=caused=by=abiotic=or=bio
tic=factors.=However,=they=are=typically=due=to=infectious=organisms=such=as=bacteria,=
fungi,=and=viruses.
Exclusion=-=ans-✔✔Using=some=sort=of=barrier=to=keep=a=pest=out=of=an=area.
Exposure=-=ans-
✔✔Coming=in=contact=with=a=pesticide=either=by=ingestion=(oral),=inhalation,=or=absorp
tion=through=the=skin=(dermal).
Habitat=-=ans-✔✔A=specific=area=or=environment=in=which=an=organism=normally=lives.
Insect=-=ans-
✔✔An=arthropod=with=three=body=regions:=a=head=(front),=a=thorax=(middle),=and=an=a
bdomen=(rear).=Most=insects=have=one=pair=of=antennae=on=the=head,=two=pairs=of=Wi
ngs,=and=three=pairs=of=legs=on=the=thorax.=Most=have=complex=mouthparts=adapted=f
or=a=special=type=of=feeding.
Integrated=Pest=Management=(IPM)=-=ans-
✔✔VA=management=system=that=uses=all=appropriate=pest=control=strategies=to=reduc
e=pest=populations=to=an=acceptable=level.=IPM=uses=an=ecological=approach=to=pest=
management.
Life=Cycle=-=ans-
✔✔An=0rganism's=progression=through=developmental=stages.=As=some=organisms=go
=through=their=life=cycle,=they=change=in=body=form=and=habits.
Mite=-=ans-
✔✔A=small=arachnid=with=eight=legs=in=the=adult=stage.=Mites=have=a=single=body=regi
on,=which=seems=to=lack=segmentation.=Some=mites=are=plant=pests.
,Mollusk=-=ans-✔✔A=soft-
bodied=animal.=A=mollusk=does=not=have=a=backbone.=Mollusks=have=a=hard=calcium-
based=shell=covering=its=body.=Clams,=snails,=and=slugs=are=mollusks.
Monitoring=-=ans-✔✔The=process=of=assessing-"keeping=tabs=on"—
the=size=and=distribution=of=a=pest=population=in=an=area.
Natural=Controls=-=ans-
✔✔Natural=forces=that=affect=pest=populations.=Examples=include=climate,=natural=ene
mies,=natural=barriers,=and=the=availability=of=food,=water,=and=shelter.=These=natural=f
orces=act=independently=and=may=either=help=or=hinder=human=attempts=to=control=pe
sts.
Nematode=-=ans-
✔✔A=small,=unsegmented=roundworm.=Most=nematodes=are=so=small=that=they=canno
t=be=seen=with=the=naked=eye.
Leaching=-=ans-
✔✔Movement=of=a=substance=(such=as=a=pesticide)=in=solution=downward=through=soi
l.
Nematicide=-=ans-✔✔A=pesticide=that=controls=nematodes.
Parasite=-=ans-
✔✔An=organism=that=obtains=its=food=from=another=living=thing,=and=in=so=doing,=harm
s=that=organism=(its=host).=The=disease=organism=is=the=parasite,=and=the=infected=org
anism=is=the=host.
Perennial=-=ans-✔✔A=plant=that=lives=for=more=than=two=growing=seasons.
Pesticide=-=ans-
✔✔Any=substance=used=to=control=or=repel=a=pest,=or=to=reduce=the=unwanted=or=har
mful=effects=of=a=pest.
Phloem=-=ans-✔✔A=specialized=plant=tissue,=that=conducts=food.
Phytotoxicity=-=ans-
✔✔Injury=or=damage=to=a=sensitive=plant=caused=by=a=chemical=exposure.
Poling=-=ans-
✔✔Brushing=the=surface=of=a=turf=stand=with=long,=limber=bamboo=poles.=This=practic
e=helps=remove=water=from=leaves.=Poling=bermudagrass=golf=greens=in=early=mornin
g=helps=to=get=rid=of=dew.
Predator=-=ans-✔✔An=animal=which=hunts=and=kills=other=animals=for=food.
, Relative=Humidity=(RH)=-=ans-✔✔A=temperature-
specific=measure=of=the=amount=of=moisture=held=in=the=air.=RH=is=the=ratio=of=the=am
ount=of=water=vapor=in=air=at=a=specific=temperature=to=the=amount=of=Water=vapor=re
quired=for=saturation=at=that=temperature.
Resistance=-=ans-
✔✔The=ability=of=a=plant=to=withstand=infection=or=attack=by=a=pest.=There=are=levels=
of=resistance.=For=example,=some=plant=strains=may=be=susceptible,=weakly=resistant,=
or=strongly=resistant=to=a=specific=type=of=pest.=Total=resistance=is="immunity."
Saprophyte=-=ans-
✔✔An=organism=that=obtains=its=nutrition=from=dead=or=decaying=organic=matter.
Aqueous=Spray=-=ans-
✔✔An=application=in=which=the=pesticide=product=is=diluted=with=Water=and=applied=as
=a=liquid=spray.
Backpack=Sprayer=-=ans-✔✔A=hand-
pumped=sprayer=carried=on=the=back=of=the=operator.=Backpack=sprayers=are=usually=
used=for=treating=small=areas=and=for=making=spot=treatments.
Back=Siphoning=-=ans-
✔✔Movement=of=liquid=from=the=application=equipment=back=into=the=Water=source.
Calibration=-=ans-
✔✔The=process=of=measuring=and=adjusting=the=amount=of=pesticide=a=piece=of=equip
ment=applies=to=a=target.
Density=-=ans-✔✔Mass=per=unit=volume.
Fog=-=ans-✔✔Small=droplets=(10=to=60=microns)=produced=when=an=oil-
base=preparation=is=dispensed=through=a=special=device=that=uses=heat=to=vaporize=th
e=pesticide.
Absorption=-=ans-✔✔The=process=of=taking=in=(soaking=up)=a=substance.
Adsorption=-=ans-
✔✔The=process=of=adhering=and=holding=(binding)=something=to=a=surface.=Some=pes
ticides=adhere=(bind)=to=surfaces=of=mineral=or=soil=particles=and/
or=to=organic=matter,=such=as=thatch.
Drift=-=ans-✔✔Pesticide=moving=away=from=the=release=site=in=the=air.
