WGU D236-Patho OA Study Guide with Verified Answers Rated A
uses extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue,
such as tumors or damaged nerves
cryoablation
TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER
lung disease caused by a long term inhalation of sili-
ca dust which leads to lung inflammation, scarring, and
silicosis
breathing diflculties.
GUY WITH SANDBLASTER
damages motor neurons which control voluntary muscle
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
movements
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, WEAKNESS,
LOWER EXTREMITY TWITCHING AND. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
PRESCRIBED ANTI GLUTAMATE
most common form of ALS that occurs randomly without
a known genetic SPORADIC ALS
cause or family history
A 60-year-old man presents with progressive muscle
weakness. He reports diflculty walking, muscle twitching,
and recent trouble swallowing. On exam, he has both
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
upper motor neuron signs (e.g., hyperreflexia, spasticity)
and lower motor neuron signs (e.g., muscle atrophy, fas-
ciculations). Sensation remains intact.
chronic degenerative joint disease that occurs when carti-
lage that cushions the end of bones gradually wears down osteoarthritis
over time.
(associated with Osteoarthritis instead of RA)
Enlargement and bulging of a joint contour, commonly
described as swelling, are attributed to the thickening of
the subchondral bone from the proliferation of osteo-
, Bouchard nodes
phytes around the margins of the joint and hypertrophy
and
in the joint capsule.
Heberden nodes
A 68-year-old woman complains of chronic knee pain that
worsens with activity and improves with rest. On exam-
ination, there is bony enlargement of the distal inter- osteoarthritis
phalangeal joints (Heberden's nodes) and crepitus in the
knees. There is no warmth or significant swelling.
chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system
mistakenly attacks the synovium causing inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis
pain, and joint damage.
A 45-year-old woman presents with joint pain and stitt-
ness in her hands and wrists. She reports the stittness
is worst in the morning and lasts for over an hour. On
exam, there is swelling, tenderness, and limited range of rheumatoid arthritis
motion in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal
interphalangeal (PIP) joints bilaterally. Lab results show
positive rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP antibodies.
an infection or inflammation of the inner lining of the
heart attecting the heart valves.
it is caused by bacteria, fungi, or other germs (tooth
ENDOCARDITIS
decay)
**Night sweats
***loud heart murmur
VEGETATION SHOWN ON AN ECHO
A 35-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use
presents with fever, chills, and fatigue. On exam, he has ENDOCARDITIS
a new systolic murmur and small, painless lesions on the
, palms and soles (Janeway lesions). Blood cultures are
positive for Staphylococcus aureus.
NECK/JAW PAIN
CHEST PAIN (angina pectoris)
VOMITING
MI (myocardial infarction)
DIAGNOSIS
**LACK OF O2=death to muscle tissue (necrosis)
**OCCLUSION OF CORONARY ATERY
A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department
with crushing chest pain radiating to his left arm, short-
ness of breath, and nausea. He is diaphoretic. ECG shows MI (myocardial infarction)
ST-segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF. Troponin
levels are elevated.
occurs when there is a mismatch between oxygen supply
and demand in the heart leading to ischemia (lack of
type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
oxygen) and heart muscle damage but without a direct
blockage of a coronary artery
A 70-year-old woman is admitted with sepsis from a uri-
nary tract infection. She develops chest discomfort and
shortness of breath. Troponin levels are elevated, but ECG type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
shows no ST-segment elevations. Coronary angiography
reveals no significant obstructive coronary artery disease
What is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction? HEART DISEASE
chronic liver disease where healthy liver tissue is replaced
by scar tissue which impairs the livers ability to function cirrhosis
properly
Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity)
jaundice cirrhosis
elevated AST and ALT
, scarred liver, can't filter ’ascites (fluid accumulates) + jaun-
Cirrhosis =
dice.
A 58-year-old man with a history of chronic alcohol use
presents with fatigue, abdominal swelling, and confusion.
Physical exam reveals jaundice, ascites, spider angiomas, cirrhosis
and asterixis. Lab tests show elevated liver enzymes, low
albumin, and an increased INR.
Face droop
Arm weak
Stroke = FAST
Speech slurred
Time to act
the final stage of chronic kidney disease where the kidneys
end stage renal disease
have severely deteriorated and can no longer function
DECREASED URINE OUTPUT (oliguria)
ANEMIA
FATIGUE (asthenia) end stage renal disease
ITCHY SKIN (pruritus)
DIAGNOSIS
A 62-year-old man with a history of diabetes and hy-
pertension presents with fatigue, pruritus, swelling in his
legs, and decreased urine output over several months. end stage renal disease
Lab results reveal elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN),
creatinine, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and anemia.
genetic disorder that attects females and occurs when one
Turners disease
of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing.
when a child receives too many or too few chromosomes
at conception
WHAT IS A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY?
Down syndrome
uses extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue,
such as tumors or damaged nerves
cryoablation
TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER
lung disease caused by a long term inhalation of sili-
ca dust which leads to lung inflammation, scarring, and
silicosis
breathing diflculties.
GUY WITH SANDBLASTER
damages motor neurons which control voluntary muscle
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
movements
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, WEAKNESS,
LOWER EXTREMITY TWITCHING AND. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
PRESCRIBED ANTI GLUTAMATE
most common form of ALS that occurs randomly without
a known genetic SPORADIC ALS
cause or family history
A 60-year-old man presents with progressive muscle
weakness. He reports diflculty walking, muscle twitching,
and recent trouble swallowing. On exam, he has both
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
upper motor neuron signs (e.g., hyperreflexia, spasticity)
and lower motor neuron signs (e.g., muscle atrophy, fas-
ciculations). Sensation remains intact.
chronic degenerative joint disease that occurs when carti-
lage that cushions the end of bones gradually wears down osteoarthritis
over time.
(associated with Osteoarthritis instead of RA)
Enlargement and bulging of a joint contour, commonly
described as swelling, are attributed to the thickening of
the subchondral bone from the proliferation of osteo-
, Bouchard nodes
phytes around the margins of the joint and hypertrophy
and
in the joint capsule.
Heberden nodes
A 68-year-old woman complains of chronic knee pain that
worsens with activity and improves with rest. On exam-
ination, there is bony enlargement of the distal inter- osteoarthritis
phalangeal joints (Heberden's nodes) and crepitus in the
knees. There is no warmth or significant swelling.
chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system
mistakenly attacks the synovium causing inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis
pain, and joint damage.
A 45-year-old woman presents with joint pain and stitt-
ness in her hands and wrists. She reports the stittness
is worst in the morning and lasts for over an hour. On
exam, there is swelling, tenderness, and limited range of rheumatoid arthritis
motion in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal
interphalangeal (PIP) joints bilaterally. Lab results show
positive rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP antibodies.
an infection or inflammation of the inner lining of the
heart attecting the heart valves.
it is caused by bacteria, fungi, or other germs (tooth
ENDOCARDITIS
decay)
**Night sweats
***loud heart murmur
VEGETATION SHOWN ON AN ECHO
A 35-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use
presents with fever, chills, and fatigue. On exam, he has ENDOCARDITIS
a new systolic murmur and small, painless lesions on the
, palms and soles (Janeway lesions). Blood cultures are
positive for Staphylococcus aureus.
NECK/JAW PAIN
CHEST PAIN (angina pectoris)
VOMITING
MI (myocardial infarction)
DIAGNOSIS
**LACK OF O2=death to muscle tissue (necrosis)
**OCCLUSION OF CORONARY ATERY
A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department
with crushing chest pain radiating to his left arm, short-
ness of breath, and nausea. He is diaphoretic. ECG shows MI (myocardial infarction)
ST-segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF. Troponin
levels are elevated.
occurs when there is a mismatch between oxygen supply
and demand in the heart leading to ischemia (lack of
type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
oxygen) and heart muscle damage but without a direct
blockage of a coronary artery
A 70-year-old woman is admitted with sepsis from a uri-
nary tract infection. She develops chest discomfort and
shortness of breath. Troponin levels are elevated, but ECG type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
shows no ST-segment elevations. Coronary angiography
reveals no significant obstructive coronary artery disease
What is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction? HEART DISEASE
chronic liver disease where healthy liver tissue is replaced
by scar tissue which impairs the livers ability to function cirrhosis
properly
Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity)
jaundice cirrhosis
elevated AST and ALT
, scarred liver, can't filter ’ascites (fluid accumulates) + jaun-
Cirrhosis =
dice.
A 58-year-old man with a history of chronic alcohol use
presents with fatigue, abdominal swelling, and confusion.
Physical exam reveals jaundice, ascites, spider angiomas, cirrhosis
and asterixis. Lab tests show elevated liver enzymes, low
albumin, and an increased INR.
Face droop
Arm weak
Stroke = FAST
Speech slurred
Time to act
the final stage of chronic kidney disease where the kidneys
end stage renal disease
have severely deteriorated and can no longer function
DECREASED URINE OUTPUT (oliguria)
ANEMIA
FATIGUE (asthenia) end stage renal disease
ITCHY SKIN (pruritus)
DIAGNOSIS
A 62-year-old man with a history of diabetes and hy-
pertension presents with fatigue, pruritus, swelling in his
legs, and decreased urine output over several months. end stage renal disease
Lab results reveal elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN),
creatinine, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and anemia.
genetic disorder that attects females and occurs when one
Turners disease
of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing.
when a child receives too many or too few chromosomes
at conception
WHAT IS A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY?
Down syndrome
