GTC MICROBIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW FINAL
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
◉ What is the cause of typhoid fever? Answer: Salmonella typhi
(especially virulent strain of salmonella)
◉ Human carriers carry this bacteria in which organ? Answer:
Humans carriers (1-3%) may carry these organisms in their gall
bladder.
◉ What is the ID50 of this disease? Answer: low - only takes a few to
cause sickness
◉ Name three common causes of food poisonings through toxins:
Answer: Staph aureus (enterotoxin), Clostridium perfringens
(enterotoxin), Clostridium botulinum (neurotoxin)
◉ Which would you most likely suspect in mayonnaise? Answer:
Staph aureus
◉ Name a bacterium that is a leading cause of food poisoning from
chicken: Answer: Camplyobacter
,◉ Name the type (s) of hepatitis that...
a. is transmitted through fecal-oral route:
b. can be present in oysters or clams:
c. are transmitted through the blood:
d. can lead to liver cancer:
e. can be prevented through vaccination:
f. occurs together with hepatitis B and leads to severe infection:
Answer: a. hep A, hep E
b. hep A
c. hep B, hep C
d. hep B
e. hep A (HAV vaccination available for children), hep B
(immunization with attenuated virus)
f. hep D
◉ What is a Dane particle? Answer: Hepatitis B virus can be
identified through Dane particles in the blood. Dane particles are
complete, infectious virion.
◉ Name two other viruses that can cause liver inflammation:
Answer: hepatitis E and CMV
,◉ Which virus has caused recent outbreaks of gastroenteritis on
cruise ships? Answer: Norovirus (ss+RNA)
◉ Name protozoan GI infections that can be contracted through
contaminated drinking water: Answer: giardiasis, cryptosporidosis,
amebiasis
◉ Which part of the tapeworm attaches to the abdominal wall?
Answer: The scolex attaches to the abdominal wall.
◉ How is a tapeworm contracted? Answer: from meat with worm
larvae
◉ Which parts of the urinary system normally contain bacteria?
Answer: none
◉ What are common causes of cystitis? Answer: Cystitis is defined
as inflammation of the urinary bladder and is commonly caused by
fecal contamination. Causative agent: 90% by normal fecal flora like
E. coli, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Strep. faecalis
(enterococcus).
◉ Why is catheterization an issue? Answer: because catheters can
introduce bacteria into the sterile environment of the urinary tract
, ◉ How is cystitis treated? Answer: antimicrobial depending on
cause
◉ How is leptospirosis treated? Answer: ampicillin or tetracyclines
◉ Name the agent that causes gonorrhea: Answer: Neisseria
gonorrheae
◉ What is the incubation time? Answer: short (2-5 days)
◉ What is a sign of this disease in men? In women? Answer: men:
painful urination, discharge with pus
women: often asymptomatic - may lead to pelvic inflammatory
disease
◉ What can be a sequelae in women if the disease is not treated?
Answer: if not treated --> 25% - 30% lead to pelvic inflammatory
disease (general term of inflammation and pain in the uterus,
uterine tubes, or ovaries) with development of scar tissue --> ectopic
pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus)
◉ How is this disease treated? Answer: penicillin, tetracycline,
quinolones (resistance!!!)
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
◉ What is the cause of typhoid fever? Answer: Salmonella typhi
(especially virulent strain of salmonella)
◉ Human carriers carry this bacteria in which organ? Answer:
Humans carriers (1-3%) may carry these organisms in their gall
bladder.
◉ What is the ID50 of this disease? Answer: low - only takes a few to
cause sickness
◉ Name three common causes of food poisonings through toxins:
Answer: Staph aureus (enterotoxin), Clostridium perfringens
(enterotoxin), Clostridium botulinum (neurotoxin)
◉ Which would you most likely suspect in mayonnaise? Answer:
Staph aureus
◉ Name a bacterium that is a leading cause of food poisoning from
chicken: Answer: Camplyobacter
,◉ Name the type (s) of hepatitis that...
a. is transmitted through fecal-oral route:
b. can be present in oysters or clams:
c. are transmitted through the blood:
d. can lead to liver cancer:
e. can be prevented through vaccination:
f. occurs together with hepatitis B and leads to severe infection:
Answer: a. hep A, hep E
b. hep A
c. hep B, hep C
d. hep B
e. hep A (HAV vaccination available for children), hep B
(immunization with attenuated virus)
f. hep D
◉ What is a Dane particle? Answer: Hepatitis B virus can be
identified through Dane particles in the blood. Dane particles are
complete, infectious virion.
◉ Name two other viruses that can cause liver inflammation:
Answer: hepatitis E and CMV
,◉ Which virus has caused recent outbreaks of gastroenteritis on
cruise ships? Answer: Norovirus (ss+RNA)
◉ Name protozoan GI infections that can be contracted through
contaminated drinking water: Answer: giardiasis, cryptosporidosis,
amebiasis
◉ Which part of the tapeworm attaches to the abdominal wall?
Answer: The scolex attaches to the abdominal wall.
◉ How is a tapeworm contracted? Answer: from meat with worm
larvae
◉ Which parts of the urinary system normally contain bacteria?
Answer: none
◉ What are common causes of cystitis? Answer: Cystitis is defined
as inflammation of the urinary bladder and is commonly caused by
fecal contamination. Causative agent: 90% by normal fecal flora like
E. coli, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Strep. faecalis
(enterococcus).
◉ Why is catheterization an issue? Answer: because catheters can
introduce bacteria into the sterile environment of the urinary tract
, ◉ How is cystitis treated? Answer: antimicrobial depending on
cause
◉ How is leptospirosis treated? Answer: ampicillin or tetracyclines
◉ Name the agent that causes gonorrhea: Answer: Neisseria
gonorrheae
◉ What is the incubation time? Answer: short (2-5 days)
◉ What is a sign of this disease in men? In women? Answer: men:
painful urination, discharge with pus
women: often asymptomatic - may lead to pelvic inflammatory
disease
◉ What can be a sequelae in women if the disease is not treated?
Answer: if not treated --> 25% - 30% lead to pelvic inflammatory
disease (general term of inflammation and pain in the uterus,
uterine tubes, or ovaries) with development of scar tissue --> ectopic
pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus)
◉ How is this disease treated? Answer: penicillin, tetracycline,
quinolones (resistance!!!)
