BIOD 102/ BIOS102 Module 1 V2 (2026/2027 Update) | Essential Biology II with Lab | Verified Questions & Answers | 100% Correct Solutions | Grade A+ | Portage Learning

BIOD 102/ BIOS102 Module 1 V2 (2026/2027 Update) | Essential Biology II with Lab | Verified Questions & Answers | 100% Correct Solutions | Grade A+ | Portage Learning Q: All of Earth is inhabited by life is called the: Answer biosphere Q: While on a walk through a forest, you notice birds in trees, earthworms in the soil, and fungi on plant litter on the forest floor. Based on your observations, you conclude that each of these organisms occupies a different Answer habitat Q: The level of ecologic organization that incorporates abiotic factors is the Answer ecosystem Q: Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring, deals with the Answer Global dangers of pesticide abuse and awareness Q: In many dense forests, plants living near the ground level engage in intense competition for Answer sunlight Q: Which of the following environmental factors usually has the greatest direct effect on an organism's rate of water loss by evaporation Answer wind Q: The reason that the pronghorn antelope is not found outside North America is most likely that Answer it has never dispersed beyond this region Q: A sperm whale in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is in which oceanic zone? Answer Aphotic Q: Phytoplankton are the major photo synthesizers in Answer the ocean photic zone Q: Which ocean zone describes the interface between ocean and land? Answer Intertidal Q: Usually, a river ________ at its source compared to farther downstream. Answer Has a bed composed of larger particles Q: which of the following statements about biomes, the major terrestrial ecosystems covering the earth, is TRUE? Answer the major factors affecting the distribution of biomes are temperature and rainfall Q: Species in widely separated biomes often appear to display similar characteristics because of Answer convergence Q: which of the following statements about tropical forests is true Answer rain-forests are divided into distinct layers, each having its own vegetation and habitat/animal life Q: The kind of vegetation in a tropical rain forest is generally determined by the amount of Answer rainfall Q: the factors that help to perpetuate temperate grasslands, such as american prairies, and prevent them from becoming woodlands include Answer seasonal droughts and frequent fires Q: Which of the following biomes is dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees adapted to surviving long, harsh winters and short, wet summers? Answer Coniferous forests Q: which of the following statements about coniferous forests is true Answer may experience a considerable amount of precipitation, usually in form of snow Q: which of the following are characteristics associated with the tundra? Answer treeless region characterized by extreme cold, wind, and permafrost Q: which of the following factors is fundamentally responsible for the character of arctic tundra Answer permafrost Q: Which of the following has the greatest impact on the global water cycle? Answer human destruction of forests Q: prokaryotes are classified into Answer Bacteria and Archaea Q: Rod-shaped bacteria are called Answer bacillus Q: Unlike archaea, bacterial cell walls contain a unique substance called Answer peptidoglycan Q: the capsule and pili function to Answer stick prokaryotes to substrate or one another Q: whip like structures used by bacteria for movement are called Answer flagellum Q: You culture the dried soup from a 4,000-year-old cooking pot found in an Egyptian tomb and obtain a distinctive species of prokaryote. You immerse a test tube of these bacteria in boiling water for several hours, but the colony grows back. This species is probably Answer endospore forming Q: Cyanobacteria Answer bacteria that help carry out photosynthesis and helped stromatolites form Q: methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles are examples of Answer archaea Q: Protists are a diverse group of organisms that includes _____. Answer algae Q: In general, how do algae and protozoa differ? Answer Algae are photosynthetic, and almost all protozoans are heterotrophic Q: While on a camping trip, you drink untreated water. After a few days you develop severe diarrhea. Microscopic examination of a fecal sample from you is most likely to reveal Answer giardia Q: Which of the following is a parasitic protozoan that causes African sleeping sickness, a disease spread by the tsetse fly? Answer trypanosomiasis Q: dinoflagellates are best described as Answer marine and freshwater algae that can produce harmful red tides Q: diatoms Answer a single-celled alga that has a cell wall of silica. Many kinds are planktonic, and extensive fossil deposits have been found. Q: which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of amoebas? Answer Pseudopodia Q: Heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb the small molecules are referred to as Answer fungi Q: Fungi Answer *organisms that are eukaryotic *absorb their food by releasing enzymes that break down food that they can absorb *found everywhere *major decomposer *parasites of plants and animals *fungus has threadlike structures called HYPHAE (can branch into a feeding network called MYCELIUM) *have cell walls composed of chitin *reroduction *asexual or sexual *release of spores Q: Threadlike fungal filaments are called Answer hyphae Q: Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. Answer absorption Q: lichen are Answer *combinations of fungus and algae OR a fungus and cyanobacteria *found everywhere *can survive in extreme enviroments( tundra or deserts) *slowest growing form of life and are the product of a SYMBOTIC relationship between a fungus and algae (or cyanobacterium) Q: Central American leaf-cutting ants Answer cultivate fungal gardens on the leaves Q: which of the following statements regarding fungi is FALSE? Answer most fungi are pathogenic on the leaves Q: which of the following is/are true of animals? Answer plants adjust their growth and development in response to environmental cues Q: the tremendous increase in the diversity of animals beginning about 542 million years ago is called the Answer Cambrian explosion Q: Most of the animals alive today Answer are invertebrates Q: Unlike other animals, sponges __________. Answer lack true tissues While wading in the ocean, you look down into the water and notice an umbrella-shaped, translucent animal. It swims by pulsing its body, and long tentacles trail behind it. One of them brushes your leg. Ouch! You feel a burning sensation where it touched you. To what phylum does this creature probably belong? Answer Cnidaria Planaria, flukes, tapeworms belong to the Phylum Answer Platyhelminthes A bilaterally symmetrical, worm like animal that has a pseudocoelm, a complete digestive tract, and a cuticle could be a member of which one of the following phyla? Answer nematoda The molluscs look so different, and yet we can tell they are related because they all Answer have a mantle, visceral mass, and a foot which of the following adaptations most increases flexibility and mobility in annelids? Answer segmentation to what phylum do leeches belong? Answer Annelida animals that are segmented and have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton are members of the phylum Answer arthropada In arthropods, molting is necessary because __________. Answer the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow most adult insects have 3 major body parts or sections. They are the Answer head, thorax, abdomen the most numerous, diverse, and widespread animals are the Answer arthropada which one of the following is a unique feature of echinoderms? Answer the coelom is transformed into a unique water-vascular system that uses hydraulic power to operate many tiny feet which of the following is NOT considered an echinoderm? These ARE echinoderms: starfish, feather stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cumber, and sea lillies which part of this figure shows the tube feet of this starfish? EC What is the specific staining technique used to distinguish different bacterial types? gram stain EC Give 2 examples of how fungi are beneficial used to make antibiotics and foods EC What is the only group of invertebrates that can fly? insects What is macroevolution? Large-scale evolutionary change, like speciation and extinction. What experiment simulated early Earth's atmosphere and produced organic monomers? Miller-Urey experiment. What hypothesis suggests life's building blocks came from meteorites? Panspermia (extraterrestrial origins). What are protocells? Membrane-bound structures with polymers that could metabolize and replicate. Name the four major eras of Earth's history in order. Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic. Who proposed uniformitarianism (Earth shaped by slow, ongoing processes)? Charles Lyell Who proposed that population size is limited by resources? Thomas malthus What is Darwin's mechanism for evolution? Natural selection (descent with modification). Define biological fitness. the ability to survive and produce viable offspring. compare homologous vs analogous structures. Homologous = same structure, different function, common ancestor. Analogous = different structure, same function, no common ancestor. What does the Hardy-Weinberg equation describe? A non-evolving population (genotype frequencies stay constant). List the 5 conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Large population, no migration, no mutation, random mating, no natural selection. What is genetic drift? Random change in allele frequencies, strongest in small populations. What is the bottleneck effect? Sharp population reduction → loss of genetic variation. What is the founder effect? A small group starts a new population with a limited gene pool. Name the 3 types of selection in polygenic traits. Directional, stabilizing, disruptive. What is heterozygote advantage? Example? When carriers of a harmful allele have survival benefit (e.g., sickle cell protects against malaria). What is speciation? Formation of new species from existing ones. Define allopatric vs sympatric speciation. Allopatric = geographic isolation. Sympatric = no physical barrier. Name 4 species concepts. Morphological, evolutionary, phylogenetic, biological. What is reproductive isolation? Barriers preventing gene flow between populations. Compare convergent vs divergent evolution. Convergent = unrelated species evolve similar traits. Divergent = related species evolve different traits. What do HOX genes control? Body plan development (which structures form where).