IPC A 610 CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● Trial Courts of the Provinces (two of them). Answer: Provincial Court (see flashcard)
Superior Court of a Province: - Highest trial level court - unlimited monetary jurisdiction in civil
matters and deals with serious criminal issues - administration of wills and estates and
bankruptcy courts
● CLASS V. Ch.2 - Intro to Legal System. Answer: BELOW
● LO1: Define "law" and identify the types of law that exist in Canada. Answer: BELOW
● Law. Answer: body of rules made by government that can be enforced by courts or by other
government agencies
● What are the 4 Categories of Law?. Answer: 1. Substantive Law 2. Procedural Law 3.
Public Law 4. Private Law
● Substantive Law (1/4). Answer: rights and rules that govern behaviour and set limits on
conduct (ex: murder)
● Procedural Law (2/4). Answer: determines how substantive laws (1/4) will be enforced (ex:
Criminal Code - Substantive law: S.235(1) Punishment for Murder - Procedural Law: Part XIX
- Indictable Offences) ** continuation of example, Substantive law: S.235(1) says everyone
who commits 1st or 2nd degree murder is guilty of indictable offence (Procedural law: Part
XIX - Indictable Offences) and will be sentenced to imprisonment for life***
● Public Law (3/4). Answer: determines how country is governed and regulates our
relationship with the government Sub-cats that do the above^^^: - constitutional law - criminal
law - administrative law
● What are the sub-categories of Public Law?. Answer: - constitutional law - criminal law -
administrative law all of which define public law; determines how country is governed and
regulates our relationship with the government
● Private Law (civil law). Answer: governs personal, social, and business relationships - no
government. (don't get confused with civil law legal system)
, ● LO2: Distinguish between Canada's civil law and common law legal systems. Answer:
BELOW
● Civil Law Legal System (described by French Civil Code). Answer: Quebec's noncriminal
legal system based on French Civil Code -French civil law is its central code: list of rules
stated as broad principles of law that judges apply to cases that come before them
● What is AND where is French Civil Law the central Code?. Answer: It is a list of rules stated
as broad principles of law that judges apply to cases that come before them; and is the basis
of QUEBECS Civil Law Legal System (not used in Ontario)
● What are some of the main differences between the Civil Law Legal System and the
Common Law Legal System?. Answer: Civil Law Legal System is used in Quebec; prior
decisions of judges in similar cases are NOT binding precedents, the French Civil Law (list of
rules) is used first. Common Law Legal System is used in Ontario; the following of prior
decisions/cases (precedent) is required (Stare Decisis)
● Common Law Legal System (Described by Stare Decisis). Answer: -emerged in England as
a way for royal court be impartial and enforce customs and traditions already in place
Described by Stare Decisis: *** simplified definition of Stare Decisis flashcard - system of
justice where judges are required to follow precedent.***
● What is AND where is Stare Decisis used for?. Answer: Basis of Common Law Legal
System (Ontario); judges required to follow precedent
● Stare Decisis. Answer: stand by what has already been decided on; i.e., follow precedent -
allows parties to predict outcome, thus avoid going to court id not necessary
● What's the most significant feature of Common Law Legal System. Answer: Stare Decisis;
*** HERE: the decision of a judge is binding on all judges in lower courts (Tiered Court
System)***
● Tiered Court System (element of Stare Decisis). Answer: - court at very top binds all courts
Ex: rule of Supreme Court is followed by all courts below that level
● Tribunals. Answer: Explained in lecture as a level in the Tiered court system that usually
deals with cases that don't need to be dealt with in court Example: LTB (landlord tenant
board)
● Why might Precedent (Stare Decisis/Common Law) be inflexible?. Answer: Example
explains it: in case, referring to what judges said 100 years ago about similar case, may not
reflect todays standards
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● Trial Courts of the Provinces (two of them). Answer: Provincial Court (see flashcard)
Superior Court of a Province: - Highest trial level court - unlimited monetary jurisdiction in civil
matters and deals with serious criminal issues - administration of wills and estates and
bankruptcy courts
● CLASS V. Ch.2 - Intro to Legal System. Answer: BELOW
● LO1: Define "law" and identify the types of law that exist in Canada. Answer: BELOW
● Law. Answer: body of rules made by government that can be enforced by courts or by other
government agencies
● What are the 4 Categories of Law?. Answer: 1. Substantive Law 2. Procedural Law 3.
Public Law 4. Private Law
● Substantive Law (1/4). Answer: rights and rules that govern behaviour and set limits on
conduct (ex: murder)
● Procedural Law (2/4). Answer: determines how substantive laws (1/4) will be enforced (ex:
Criminal Code - Substantive law: S.235(1) Punishment for Murder - Procedural Law: Part XIX
- Indictable Offences) ** continuation of example, Substantive law: S.235(1) says everyone
who commits 1st or 2nd degree murder is guilty of indictable offence (Procedural law: Part
XIX - Indictable Offences) and will be sentenced to imprisonment for life***
● Public Law (3/4). Answer: determines how country is governed and regulates our
relationship with the government Sub-cats that do the above^^^: - constitutional law - criminal
law - administrative law
● What are the sub-categories of Public Law?. Answer: - constitutional law - criminal law -
administrative law all of which define public law; determines how country is governed and
regulates our relationship with the government
● Private Law (civil law). Answer: governs personal, social, and business relationships - no
government. (don't get confused with civil law legal system)
, ● LO2: Distinguish between Canada's civil law and common law legal systems. Answer:
BELOW
● Civil Law Legal System (described by French Civil Code). Answer: Quebec's noncriminal
legal system based on French Civil Code -French civil law is its central code: list of rules
stated as broad principles of law that judges apply to cases that come before them
● What is AND where is French Civil Law the central Code?. Answer: It is a list of rules stated
as broad principles of law that judges apply to cases that come before them; and is the basis
of QUEBECS Civil Law Legal System (not used in Ontario)
● What are some of the main differences between the Civil Law Legal System and the
Common Law Legal System?. Answer: Civil Law Legal System is used in Quebec; prior
decisions of judges in similar cases are NOT binding precedents, the French Civil Law (list of
rules) is used first. Common Law Legal System is used in Ontario; the following of prior
decisions/cases (precedent) is required (Stare Decisis)
● Common Law Legal System (Described by Stare Decisis). Answer: -emerged in England as
a way for royal court be impartial and enforce customs and traditions already in place
Described by Stare Decisis: *** simplified definition of Stare Decisis flashcard - system of
justice where judges are required to follow precedent.***
● What is AND where is Stare Decisis used for?. Answer: Basis of Common Law Legal
System (Ontario); judges required to follow precedent
● Stare Decisis. Answer: stand by what has already been decided on; i.e., follow precedent -
allows parties to predict outcome, thus avoid going to court id not necessary
● What's the most significant feature of Common Law Legal System. Answer: Stare Decisis;
*** HERE: the decision of a judge is binding on all judges in lower courts (Tiered Court
System)***
● Tiered Court System (element of Stare Decisis). Answer: - court at very top binds all courts
Ex: rule of Supreme Court is followed by all courts below that level
● Tribunals. Answer: Explained in lecture as a level in the Tiered court system that usually
deals with cases that don't need to be dealt with in court Example: LTB (landlord tenant
board)
● Why might Precedent (Stare Decisis/Common Law) be inflexible?. Answer: Example
explains it: in case, referring to what judges said 100 years ago about similar case, may not
reflect todays standards
