PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Leuconstoc. Answer: Gram positive cocci often in chains.
Intrinsically resistant to vancomycin.
Catalase negative.
Are generally slime forming.
Responsible for cabbage fermentation.
◉ Acanthamoeba. Answer: A genus of amoeba
One of the most common single celled eukaryotes in soil and
frequently in fresh water.
Has two forms - metabolically active trophozoite.
Dormant - stress resistant cyst.
Causes keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.
◉ Naegleria fowleri. Answer: Protozoa.
Causes Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis.
Enter through the nose and travels to the brain.
Commonly found in warm fresh water.
,Only species that infects humans.
Almost always results in death.
◉ Schistisoma. Answer: Also known as the blood flukes.
◉ Schistisoma mansoni. Answer: Blood fluke most commonly found
in Africa, South America, West Indies and Porto Rico.
Lives in the large intestines.
Approximately 115-175 micrometers by 45-75 micrometers.
Lateral spine.
◉ Schistisoma heamatobium. Answer: Blood fluke most commonly
found in Nile Vally, Mideast and East Africa.
Live in veins surrounding bladder.
Approximately 110-170 micrometers by 40-70 micrometers.
Terminal spine.
◉ Schistisoma japonicum.. Answer: Blood fluke most commonly
found in Far East Japan, China and Philippines.
Lives in the small intestines.
Approximately 60-95 micrometers by 40-60 micrometers.
No spine.
,◉ Hantavirus. Answer: A single stranded enveloped, negative sense
RNA virus.
In the Bunyaviridae family.
May become infected through contact with rodent urine, saliva or
feces.
Can cause fatal diseases such as hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndrome.
◉ Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome.. Answer: Rare respiratory
illness associated with inhalation of aerolized rodent excreta.
◉ Cause of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the US.. Answer: The
Sin Nombre virus carried by deer mice.
◉ Bartonella. Answer: Gram negative bacteria.
Facultative intracellar parasite.
It is transmitted by vectors such as ticks, flees, sand flies and
mosquitoes.
◉ Cause of Cat Scratch Disease. Answer: Bartonella henselae.
◉ Edwardsiella. Answer: An Enterobacteriaceae.
, Gram negative rod.
Facultative anaerobe.
Enterobacteriaceae family.
First discovered in snakes.
◉ Edwardsiella tarda. Answer: Urea - negative
Lysine decarboxylase - positive
Hydrogen Sulfide- positive
Indole- positive
Only recognized human pathogen in Edwardsiella genus.
◉ Chryseobacterium. Answer: Gram negative, filamentous rod.
Non motile.
Capable of reproduction in cold temperatures.
Flavobacteriaceae family.
Found in soil, plants, foodstuffs and water sources.
◉ Chryseobacterium indologenes. Answer: Yellow pigmented
colonies.
Has been found in indwelling devices.
◉ West Nile Virus. Answer: An arbovirus.