JEA CJE TEST FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
● Six requirements for libel. Answer: 1. Publication 2. Identification 3. False Statement 4.
Statement of Fact 5.Harmful to Reputation 6. Fault Required
● Four Types of Invasion of Privacy. Answer: 1. Public Disclosure of Private and
Embarrassing Facts 2. Intrusion 3. False Light 4. Misappropriation
● FERPA. Answer: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
● Three main types of FOI Laws. Answer: 1. Open Records Law 2. Open Meeting Laws 3.
"Pocket" FOI Laws
● Example of "Pocket" FOI Law. Answer: Federal Clery Act - campus crime records
● The First Amendment. Answer: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment
of religion, or prohibiting the exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the
press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a
redress of grievances
● Federal Privacy Protection Act of 1980. Answer: Prevents newsroom searches and
seizures by government officials when engaged in a criminal investigation - even with a
search warrant.
● SPLC Phone Number. Answer: 703 807-1904
● Why should reporters have a privilege?. Answer: Ensures good sources of sources for
important stories remain available. Without promise of confidentiality some would be unwilling
to share.
● Three different types of subpoenas. Answer: 1. To testify 2. To reveal confidential
sources 3. To produce unpublished notes, photos, outtakes and other newsgathering
materials
● Three differences between Shield Laws and Qualified Privilege. Answer: 1. Shield laws
are specific, defined means of protection while Qualified Privilege is based on the First
Amendment and protection is more general or "fuzzy" until a court defines the scope of the
law. 2. Shield laws are created by lawmakers while Reporters privilege is recognized by
, courts. 3. Shield laws can exclude specific individuals - sometimes student journalists - that a
court may conclude is protected.
● TRUE OR FALSE: Public school officials likely do not have the legal authority to
compel disclosure of newsgathering material from student journalists absent an
emergency or court order.. Answer: True
● Poynter's Confidentiality Checklist. Answer: • is the story of overwhelming public
concern? • is there any other way to get the information on the record? • is the information
from the confidential source verifiable? • are you willing to reveal to the public why the source
cannot be named? • how would your audience evaluate the same information if they knew the
source's identity?
● Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Schools (1969). Answer: Supreme court ruled that
First Amendment rights were not lost at the "schoolhouse gate." Beth Tinker sued the school
for suspending her after wearing a black armband in protest of the war in Vietnam.
● "Tinker" standard. Answer: Individual freedom or speech to be allowed at public schools
unless the speech 1) invades the rights of others (unprotected speech) 2) creates a material
and substantial disruption to school operations
● Hazelwood V. Kulhmeier. Answer: Supreme court ruled that public schools not
established as a public forum by "policy or practice," their speech can be limited by
government officials if they prove reasonable educational jurisdiction an where their
censorship in viewpoint-neutral.
● Reasonable pedagogical concerns. Answer: - Poorly written, ungrammatical, unsuitable
for immature audiences, bias or prejudiced, material that is inconsistent with shared values of
a civilized social order
● Public Forum by Policy. Answer: An official school policy exists that allows student editors
to control content when endorsed by a school official.
● Public Forum by Practice. Answer: A written policy does not exist, but school officials
exercise a "hands off" approach where there has been no prior review or censorship for some
time.
● Example of an Anti-Hazelwood Law. Answer: Cali. Edu. Code Sec. 48907
● Bethel V. Fraser (1986). Answer: Matthew Fraser gave a speech at a student assembly
that endorsed a student candidate using sexual innuendos. After being suspended, Fraser
sued that his First Amendment rights were violated. Supreme court ruled in favor of Bethel;
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
● Six requirements for libel. Answer: 1. Publication 2. Identification 3. False Statement 4.
Statement of Fact 5.Harmful to Reputation 6. Fault Required
● Four Types of Invasion of Privacy. Answer: 1. Public Disclosure of Private and
Embarrassing Facts 2. Intrusion 3. False Light 4. Misappropriation
● FERPA. Answer: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
● Three main types of FOI Laws. Answer: 1. Open Records Law 2. Open Meeting Laws 3.
"Pocket" FOI Laws
● Example of "Pocket" FOI Law. Answer: Federal Clery Act - campus crime records
● The First Amendment. Answer: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment
of religion, or prohibiting the exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the
press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a
redress of grievances
● Federal Privacy Protection Act of 1980. Answer: Prevents newsroom searches and
seizures by government officials when engaged in a criminal investigation - even with a
search warrant.
● SPLC Phone Number. Answer: 703 807-1904
● Why should reporters have a privilege?. Answer: Ensures good sources of sources for
important stories remain available. Without promise of confidentiality some would be unwilling
to share.
● Three different types of subpoenas. Answer: 1. To testify 2. To reveal confidential
sources 3. To produce unpublished notes, photos, outtakes and other newsgathering
materials
● Three differences between Shield Laws and Qualified Privilege. Answer: 1. Shield laws
are specific, defined means of protection while Qualified Privilege is based on the First
Amendment and protection is more general or "fuzzy" until a court defines the scope of the
law. 2. Shield laws are created by lawmakers while Reporters privilege is recognized by
, courts. 3. Shield laws can exclude specific individuals - sometimes student journalists - that a
court may conclude is protected.
● TRUE OR FALSE: Public school officials likely do not have the legal authority to
compel disclosure of newsgathering material from student journalists absent an
emergency or court order.. Answer: True
● Poynter's Confidentiality Checklist. Answer: • is the story of overwhelming public
concern? • is there any other way to get the information on the record? • is the information
from the confidential source verifiable? • are you willing to reveal to the public why the source
cannot be named? • how would your audience evaluate the same information if they knew the
source's identity?
● Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Schools (1969). Answer: Supreme court ruled that
First Amendment rights were not lost at the "schoolhouse gate." Beth Tinker sued the school
for suspending her after wearing a black armband in protest of the war in Vietnam.
● "Tinker" standard. Answer: Individual freedom or speech to be allowed at public schools
unless the speech 1) invades the rights of others (unprotected speech) 2) creates a material
and substantial disruption to school operations
● Hazelwood V. Kulhmeier. Answer: Supreme court ruled that public schools not
established as a public forum by "policy or practice," their speech can be limited by
government officials if they prove reasonable educational jurisdiction an where their
censorship in viewpoint-neutral.
● Reasonable pedagogical concerns. Answer: - Poorly written, ungrammatical, unsuitable
for immature audiences, bias or prejudiced, material that is inconsistent with shared values of
a civilized social order
● Public Forum by Policy. Answer: An official school policy exists that allows student editors
to control content when endorsed by a school official.
● Public Forum by Practice. Answer: A written policy does not exist, but school officials
exercise a "hands off" approach where there has been no prior review or censorship for some
time.
● Example of an Anti-Hazelwood Law. Answer: Cali. Edu. Code Sec. 48907
● Bethel V. Fraser (1986). Answer: Matthew Fraser gave a speech at a student assembly
that endorsed a student candidate using sexual innuendos. After being suspended, Fraser
sued that his First Amendment rights were violated. Supreme court ruled in favor of Bethel;
