Clotting - ANSWER Natural defense to stop bleeding.
Thrombus - ANSWER Stationary blood clot within a vessel or heart chamber.
Embolus - ANSWER Traveling clot or foreign substance (air, fat, bacteria).
Anticoagulants - ANSWER Prevent or slow clot formation.
Thrombolytics (Fibrinolytics) - ANSWER Dissolve existing clots.
MI (Heart Attack) - ANSWER Clot in coronary artery.
Stroke - ANSWER Clot in cerebral artery.
Pulmonary Embolism - ANSWER Clot in lungs.
VTE (Venous Thromboembolism) - ANSWER Clot in deep veins of legs.
Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Examples: Heparin, Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Mechanism of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Block thrombin → prevent fibrin for-
mation.
1
,Routes of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER IV or SubQ (Heparin); SubQ only (LMWH).
Intended Response of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER ↑ Clotting time, ↓ clot formation,
maintain blood flow.
Side Effects of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Bleeding, abdominal pain, nausea, consti-
pation.
Adverse Effects of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
(HIT), hemorrhage, allergic reactions, hyperkalemia.
Monitoring for Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Check aPTT.
Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER Example: Warfarin (Coumadin)
Mechanism of Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER Blocks liver production of
vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
Monitoring for Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER INR: Normal 0.8-1.2; Thera-
peutic 2-3.
Intended Response of Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER ↑ Clotting time, ↓
clot formation, maintain blood flow.
Side Effects of Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER Bleeding, headache, GI up-
set, diarrhea, rash, fever.
Adverse Effects of Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER Hemorrhage, warfarin-
induced skin necrosis.
2
, Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix), Ticlopidine (Ticlid),
Eptifibatide.
Mechanism of Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER Prevent platelet aggregation.
Intended Response of Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER ↑ Clotting time, ↓ new clots, main-
tain flow.
Side Effects of Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER Bleeding, nausea, headache, GI upset.
Adverse Effects of Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER Hemorrhage, tinnitus (salicylate toxicity),
thrombocytopenia, allergic reaction.
Thrombolytic Drugs - ANSWER Examples: Alteplase (tPA), Reteplase.
Mechanism of Thrombolytic Drugs - ANSWER Converts plasminogen → plasmin → breaks
down fibrin.
Use of Thrombolytic Drugs - ANSWER Acute MI (within 12 hr), Stroke (within 3 hr).
Intended Response of Thrombolytic Drugs - ANSWER Dissolves existing clots, restores cir-
culation.
Colony-Stimulating Factors - ANSWER Examples: Epoetin alfa (Epogen), Filgrastim
(Neupogen), Oprelvekin (Neumega).
Mechanism of Colony-Stimulating Factors - ANSWER Stimulates bone marrow to make
RBCs/WBCs/platelets.
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Thrombus - ANSWER Stationary blood clot within a vessel or heart chamber.
Embolus - ANSWER Traveling clot or foreign substance (air, fat, bacteria).
Anticoagulants - ANSWER Prevent or slow clot formation.
Thrombolytics (Fibrinolytics) - ANSWER Dissolve existing clots.
MI (Heart Attack) - ANSWER Clot in coronary artery.
Stroke - ANSWER Clot in cerebral artery.
Pulmonary Embolism - ANSWER Clot in lungs.
VTE (Venous Thromboembolism) - ANSWER Clot in deep veins of legs.
Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Examples: Heparin, Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Mechanism of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Block thrombin → prevent fibrin for-
mation.
1
,Routes of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER IV or SubQ (Heparin); SubQ only (LMWH).
Intended Response of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER ↑ Clotting time, ↓ clot formation,
maintain blood flow.
Side Effects of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Bleeding, abdominal pain, nausea, consti-
pation.
Adverse Effects of Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
(HIT), hemorrhage, allergic reactions, hyperkalemia.
Monitoring for Thrombin Inhibitors - ANSWER Check aPTT.
Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER Example: Warfarin (Coumadin)
Mechanism of Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER Blocks liver production of
vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
Monitoring for Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER INR: Normal 0.8-1.2; Thera-
peutic 2-3.
Intended Response of Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER ↑ Clotting time, ↓
clot formation, maintain blood flow.
Side Effects of Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER Bleeding, headache, GI up-
set, diarrhea, rash, fever.
Adverse Effects of Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors - ANSWER Hemorrhage, warfarin-
induced skin necrosis.
2
, Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix), Ticlopidine (Ticlid),
Eptifibatide.
Mechanism of Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER Prevent platelet aggregation.
Intended Response of Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER ↑ Clotting time, ↓ new clots, main-
tain flow.
Side Effects of Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER Bleeding, nausea, headache, GI upset.
Adverse Effects of Antiplatelet Drugs - ANSWER Hemorrhage, tinnitus (salicylate toxicity),
thrombocytopenia, allergic reaction.
Thrombolytic Drugs - ANSWER Examples: Alteplase (tPA), Reteplase.
Mechanism of Thrombolytic Drugs - ANSWER Converts plasminogen → plasmin → breaks
down fibrin.
Use of Thrombolytic Drugs - ANSWER Acute MI (within 12 hr), Stroke (within 3 hr).
Intended Response of Thrombolytic Drugs - ANSWER Dissolves existing clots, restores cir-
culation.
Colony-Stimulating Factors - ANSWER Examples: Epoetin alfa (Epogen), Filgrastim
(Neupogen), Oprelvekin (Neumega).
Mechanism of Colony-Stimulating Factors - ANSWER Stimulates bone marrow to make
RBCs/WBCs/platelets.
3
