NR 507: Midterm Exam Pathophysiology
Chamberlain University College of Nursing Ac,
Exams of Nursing fully solved & updated 2026
(latest version verified for accuracy) |
system - ANSWER//epinephrine and norepinephrine What does the
sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system -
ANSWER//vasoconstriction and increased HR What can uncontrolled
tachycardia lead to? - ANSWER//reduced stroke volume and fatigue What are
the two parts of the cardiac cycle? - ANSWER//diastole and systole What
causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles - ANSWER//gravity and
atriole systole What causes the S1 heart sound? - ANSWER//Bicuspid/Mitral
and Tricuspid valves closing What are the atrioventricular valves? -
ANSWER//tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves What are the semilunar
valves? - ANSWER//pulmonary and aortic valves What causes the semilunar
valves to open? - ANSWER//As ventricles contract and intraventricular
pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves, forcing them to
open ejection fraction - ANSWER//measurement of the volume percentage of
left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction What causes the
semilunar valves to close? - ANSWER//ventricles relax and intraventricular
pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of the
semilunar valves What causes the S2 heart sound? - ANSWER//closing of
semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves What prevents the backflow into the
ventricles - ANSWER//semilunar valves Stenosis of heart valve - ANSWER//A
narrowing of the valve opening, causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the
emptying chamber Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? -
ANSWER//Narrowing of the heart valves means that blood moves with
difficulty out of the heart. Results may include chest pain, edema in the feet or
ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy heart failure -
ANSWER//cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the heart to provide
adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion Left sided heart failure
characteristic - ANSWER//inability of the left ventricle to provide adequate
blood flow into systemic circulation Causes of left sided heart failure -
ANSWER//systemic hypertension left ventricle MI LV hypertrophy Aortic SL
valve or bicuspid valve damage Secondary to right heart failure How does LV
hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure - ANSWER//The hypertrophy is
secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker structure
that holds more blood How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
lead to heart failure - ANSWER//damage leads to back flow into the left atrium
or ventricle after ejection Biventricular failure - ANSWER//unresolved left
sided heart failure will increase pressure on the right side of the heart
contributing to right sided heart failure as well How does heart failure progress
from hypertension? - ANSWER//- high systemic vascular pressure causes
high after load requires the left ventricle to increase contraction force to eject
the blood - damage causes reduced ejection fraction and left ventricle gets
tired and becomes unable to eject normal amount of blood - increased
amount of blood remaining in left ventricle and increased left ventricle preload
causes the left atrium unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the left
, ventricle - blood volume and pressure backs up into the pulmonary veins -
increased pressure will force fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the
pulmonary tissues What does fluid in the pulmonary tissue result in -
ANSWER//the areas are flooded and results in pulmonary edema and
dyspnea cor pulmonale - ANSWER//right-sided heart failure right sided heart
failure - ANSWER//inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood
flow into the pulmonary circulation Causes of right sided heart failure -
ANSWER//- pulmonary disease - pulmonary hypertension - RV MI - RV
Hypertrophy - pulmonary SLV or tricuspid valve damage - secondary to left
heart failure What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure -
ANSWER//pulmonary hypertension Progression of right sided heart failure -
ANSWER//- damage causes the right ventricle to increase contraction force to
eject/unload the blood - over time EF is reduced and right ventricle us unable
to eject the normal amount of blood - the blood remaining in the RV increases
and RA preload increases until the RA is unable to eject the normal amount of
blood into the RA - the amount of blood remaining in the right atrium
increases causing an increase in RA preload - blood volum enad pressure
then backs up into the vena cava and systemic veins signs and symptoms of
right sided heart failure - ANSWER//jugular vein distension
hepatosplenomegaly peripheral edema Why does hepatosplenomegaly
develop in right sided heart failure - ANSWER//the large volume of blood flow
through the liver and spleen causes these areas to be engorged why does
peripheral edema occur in right sided heart failure - ANSWER//Increased
pressure forces fluid from the systemic capillaries into the peripheral tissues
and flood those areas High output failure - ANSWER//inability of the heart to
pump sufficient amounts of blood to meet the circulatory needs of the body
despite normal blood volume and cardiac contractility causes of high output
failure - ANSWER//Severe anemia Nutritional deficiencies Hyperthyroidism
Sepsis Extreme febrile state Process of high output failure - ANSWER//-
impaired oxygen delivery of excessive tissue oxygen demands cause tissue
hypoxia - catecholamines initiation increase HR and stroke volume -
increased cardiac output is produced but depletes cardiac muscle reserve
overtime and leads to low output failure over time Troponin-Calcium Binding -
ANSWER//Calcium binds to troponin on the thin filament sliding filament
theory - ANSWER//theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during
muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still Hematopoiesis -
ANSWER//formation of blood cells Where does blood cell formation occur in a
fetus - ANSWER//3 weeks - yolk week 8 - fetal liver and spleen 5th month -
bone marrow Blood cell formation in chidren 0-5 years old - ANSWER//red
marrow of all bones to make blood cells blood cell formation in adults over 20
- ANSWER//red marrow in large bones -illium, vertebrae, cranium, jaw,
sternum, ribs, humerus, and femur Erythropietin - ANSWER//Produce: Kidney
(small amount in liver) Released: Kidney Target: Bone Marrow Functions:
Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells hematopoietic stem
cells - ANSWER//The stem cells that give rise to RBC WBC and platelets
through the process of haematopoiesis. How does a hematopoietic stem cell
produce a red blood cell - ANSWER//hematopoietic stem cells produces an
unndifferentiated hemocytoblast - erythropoietin binds to it and createsa a
proerythroblast - cell develops into an erythrocyte 7 days later Erythrocyte
function - ANSWER//transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Erythrocyte life
Chamberlain University College of Nursing Ac,
Exams of Nursing fully solved & updated 2026
(latest version verified for accuracy) |
system - ANSWER//epinephrine and norepinephrine What does the
sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system -
ANSWER//vasoconstriction and increased HR What can uncontrolled
tachycardia lead to? - ANSWER//reduced stroke volume and fatigue What are
the two parts of the cardiac cycle? - ANSWER//diastole and systole What
causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles - ANSWER//gravity and
atriole systole What causes the S1 heart sound? - ANSWER//Bicuspid/Mitral
and Tricuspid valves closing What are the atrioventricular valves? -
ANSWER//tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves What are the semilunar
valves? - ANSWER//pulmonary and aortic valves What causes the semilunar
valves to open? - ANSWER//As ventricles contract and intraventricular
pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves, forcing them to
open ejection fraction - ANSWER//measurement of the volume percentage of
left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction What causes the
semilunar valves to close? - ANSWER//ventricles relax and intraventricular
pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of the
semilunar valves What causes the S2 heart sound? - ANSWER//closing of
semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves What prevents the backflow into the
ventricles - ANSWER//semilunar valves Stenosis of heart valve - ANSWER//A
narrowing of the valve opening, causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the
emptying chamber Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? -
ANSWER//Narrowing of the heart valves means that blood moves with
difficulty out of the heart. Results may include chest pain, edema in the feet or
ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy heart failure -
ANSWER//cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the heart to provide
adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion Left sided heart failure
characteristic - ANSWER//inability of the left ventricle to provide adequate
blood flow into systemic circulation Causes of left sided heart failure -
ANSWER//systemic hypertension left ventricle MI LV hypertrophy Aortic SL
valve or bicuspid valve damage Secondary to right heart failure How does LV
hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure - ANSWER//The hypertrophy is
secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker structure
that holds more blood How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
lead to heart failure - ANSWER//damage leads to back flow into the left atrium
or ventricle after ejection Biventricular failure - ANSWER//unresolved left
sided heart failure will increase pressure on the right side of the heart
contributing to right sided heart failure as well How does heart failure progress
from hypertension? - ANSWER//- high systemic vascular pressure causes
high after load requires the left ventricle to increase contraction force to eject
the blood - damage causes reduced ejection fraction and left ventricle gets
tired and becomes unable to eject normal amount of blood - increased
amount of blood remaining in left ventricle and increased left ventricle preload
causes the left atrium unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the left
, ventricle - blood volume and pressure backs up into the pulmonary veins -
increased pressure will force fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the
pulmonary tissues What does fluid in the pulmonary tissue result in -
ANSWER//the areas are flooded and results in pulmonary edema and
dyspnea cor pulmonale - ANSWER//right-sided heart failure right sided heart
failure - ANSWER//inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood
flow into the pulmonary circulation Causes of right sided heart failure -
ANSWER//- pulmonary disease - pulmonary hypertension - RV MI - RV
Hypertrophy - pulmonary SLV or tricuspid valve damage - secondary to left
heart failure What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure -
ANSWER//pulmonary hypertension Progression of right sided heart failure -
ANSWER//- damage causes the right ventricle to increase contraction force to
eject/unload the blood - over time EF is reduced and right ventricle us unable
to eject the normal amount of blood - the blood remaining in the RV increases
and RA preload increases until the RA is unable to eject the normal amount of
blood into the RA - the amount of blood remaining in the right atrium
increases causing an increase in RA preload - blood volum enad pressure
then backs up into the vena cava and systemic veins signs and symptoms of
right sided heart failure - ANSWER//jugular vein distension
hepatosplenomegaly peripheral edema Why does hepatosplenomegaly
develop in right sided heart failure - ANSWER//the large volume of blood flow
through the liver and spleen causes these areas to be engorged why does
peripheral edema occur in right sided heart failure - ANSWER//Increased
pressure forces fluid from the systemic capillaries into the peripheral tissues
and flood those areas High output failure - ANSWER//inability of the heart to
pump sufficient amounts of blood to meet the circulatory needs of the body
despite normal blood volume and cardiac contractility causes of high output
failure - ANSWER//Severe anemia Nutritional deficiencies Hyperthyroidism
Sepsis Extreme febrile state Process of high output failure - ANSWER//-
impaired oxygen delivery of excessive tissue oxygen demands cause tissue
hypoxia - catecholamines initiation increase HR and stroke volume -
increased cardiac output is produced but depletes cardiac muscle reserve
overtime and leads to low output failure over time Troponin-Calcium Binding -
ANSWER//Calcium binds to troponin on the thin filament sliding filament
theory - ANSWER//theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during
muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still Hematopoiesis -
ANSWER//formation of blood cells Where does blood cell formation occur in a
fetus - ANSWER//3 weeks - yolk week 8 - fetal liver and spleen 5th month -
bone marrow Blood cell formation in chidren 0-5 years old - ANSWER//red
marrow of all bones to make blood cells blood cell formation in adults over 20
- ANSWER//red marrow in large bones -illium, vertebrae, cranium, jaw,
sternum, ribs, humerus, and femur Erythropietin - ANSWER//Produce: Kidney
(small amount in liver) Released: Kidney Target: Bone Marrow Functions:
Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells hematopoietic stem
cells - ANSWER//The stem cells that give rise to RBC WBC and platelets
through the process of haematopoiesis. How does a hematopoietic stem cell
produce a red blood cell - ANSWER//hematopoietic stem cells produces an
unndifferentiated hemocytoblast - erythropoietin binds to it and createsa a
proerythroblast - cell develops into an erythrocyte 7 days later Erythrocyte
function - ANSWER//transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Erythrocyte life
