The National Movement: Second
Phase
Things to remember:
• The Champaran Act (1917)
• Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)
• Rowlatt Act (1919)
• Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919)
• Khilafat movement (1920)
• Non-cooperation movement (1920-1922)
• Non-cooperation to civil disobedience (1922-1930)
• Simon Commission (1927)
• Civil disobedience movement (1930-1934)
• March to Dandi (12 march 1930)
• First round table conference (1930)
• Second round table conference (1931)
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
• Civil disobedience to quit India (1934-1942)
• Government of India Act (1935)
Mahatma Gandhi was on 2 October 1869 at Portbander. We went to
Africa to study law. He returned back to India in1915. He reached a
conclusion that a truly national struggle had to go on beyond the
achievement of independence. It also had to form a reform society. He
founded the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad and welcomed people of
all castes and religions in it.
Early campaigns
The first movement in which Gandhiji got involved was at Champaran in
Bihar in 1917. Peasants had to sell indigo at prices fixed by the
European planters. These prices were very low. Gandhiji protested
against this and forced the government to increase the prices at which
, the planters bought indigo from the cultivators. In 1918, Gandhiji led the
workers to the textile mills in Ahmedabad against the mill-owners.
Gandhiji also got involved with the peasants of Kaira (Kheda) in Gujrat.
By 1919, Gandhiji had become the most popular leader in India.
Numerous mass movements were started under his leadership.
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)
After the First World War, the government passed the Government of
India Act in 1919, popularly known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.
It's important features are as follows:
• The Central legislative Council was made bicameral, that is, it
consisted of two houses - the Imperial Legislative Assembly and
the Council of State. No significant change was made in the power
of these houses.
• The system of dyarchy or dual government was introduced in the
provinces. The subjects were divided into two - reserved and
transferred. Subjects like, finance and police, which the British
considered important was put in the reserved list. Subjects like
education and public health, which the British considered less
important, was the responsibility of the ministers who were
responsible for the legislature.
In March 1919, the government passed the Rowlatt Act, in which the
government could arrest anyone without a warrant and imprison anyone
without a trial. On 6 April 1919, a countrywide protest was organized,
which was observed as Humiliation Day.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
On 13 April 1919, people gathered in a park called Jallianwala Bagh to
protest against the arrests. This peaceful gathering was attended by men,
women and children. General Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar,
came to the park with few soldiers. They blocked the only entrance of
the park. He then ordered the soldiers to open fire. The firing lasted for
Phase
Things to remember:
• The Champaran Act (1917)
• Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)
• Rowlatt Act (1919)
• Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919)
• Khilafat movement (1920)
• Non-cooperation movement (1920-1922)
• Non-cooperation to civil disobedience (1922-1930)
• Simon Commission (1927)
• Civil disobedience movement (1930-1934)
• March to Dandi (12 march 1930)
• First round table conference (1930)
• Second round table conference (1931)
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
• Civil disobedience to quit India (1934-1942)
• Government of India Act (1935)
Mahatma Gandhi was on 2 October 1869 at Portbander. We went to
Africa to study law. He returned back to India in1915. He reached a
conclusion that a truly national struggle had to go on beyond the
achievement of independence. It also had to form a reform society. He
founded the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad and welcomed people of
all castes and religions in it.
Early campaigns
The first movement in which Gandhiji got involved was at Champaran in
Bihar in 1917. Peasants had to sell indigo at prices fixed by the
European planters. These prices were very low. Gandhiji protested
against this and forced the government to increase the prices at which
, the planters bought indigo from the cultivators. In 1918, Gandhiji led the
workers to the textile mills in Ahmedabad against the mill-owners.
Gandhiji also got involved with the peasants of Kaira (Kheda) in Gujrat.
By 1919, Gandhiji had become the most popular leader in India.
Numerous mass movements were started under his leadership.
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)
After the First World War, the government passed the Government of
India Act in 1919, popularly known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.
It's important features are as follows:
• The Central legislative Council was made bicameral, that is, it
consisted of two houses - the Imperial Legislative Assembly and
the Council of State. No significant change was made in the power
of these houses.
• The system of dyarchy or dual government was introduced in the
provinces. The subjects were divided into two - reserved and
transferred. Subjects like, finance and police, which the British
considered important was put in the reserved list. Subjects like
education and public health, which the British considered less
important, was the responsibility of the ministers who were
responsible for the legislature.
In March 1919, the government passed the Rowlatt Act, in which the
government could arrest anyone without a warrant and imprison anyone
without a trial. On 6 April 1919, a countrywide protest was organized,
which was observed as Humiliation Day.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
On 13 April 1919, people gathered in a park called Jallianwala Bagh to
protest against the arrests. This peaceful gathering was attended by men,
women and children. General Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar,
came to the park with few soldiers. They blocked the only entrance of
the park. He then ordered the soldiers to open fire. The firing lasted for
