1. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the primary conflict of
adolescence is:
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: Erikson's fifth stage (ages 12–18) centers on developing a coherent
identity versus experiencing role confusion.
2. Piaget's stage in which children develop object permanence is:
A. Preoperational
B. Concrete Operational
C. Sensorimotor
D. Formal Operational
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: Object permanence—understanding that objects exist even when
out of sight—develops during the sensorimotor stage (0–2 years).
3. Kohlberg's highest level of moral development is:
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
, C. Postconventional
D. Metaconventional
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: The postconventional level involves abstract principles of justice
and universal human rights that transcend social rules.
4. Bronfenbrenner's ecological model refers to the interaction between two
microsystems as the:
A. Exosystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Macrosystem
D. Chronosystem
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: The mesosystem comprises the linkages and processes between two
or more microsystems (e.g., home–school relationship).
5. Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' research primarily measures:
A. Temperament
B. Cognitive development
C. Attachment style
D. Peer relationships
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: Ainsworth used the Strange Situation procedure to categorize
infant attachment as secure, anxious-avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent.
6. According to Vygotsky, the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is:
A. The range of tasks a child can perform independently
B. The gap between current ability and potential with guidance
C. A fixed genetic potential
, D. The highest cognitive stage achievable
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: The ZPD is the distance between what a learner can do alone and
what they can achieve with skilled guidance or collaboration.
7. The concept of 'scaffolding' in education is most closely associated with:
A. Piaget
B. Skinner
C. Vygotsky
D. Erikson
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: Scaffolding—temporary support provided to learners within the
ZPD—flows directly from Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.
8. Baumrind's authoritative parenting style is characterized by:
A. High warmth and high control
B. Low warmth and high control
C. High warmth and low control
D. Low warmth and low control
✔ Answer: A
Explanation: Authoritative parents combine responsiveness (warmth) with firm,
consistent demandingness (control), producing the best child outcomes.
9. Levinson's theory of adult development emphasizes:
A. Attachment bonds in adulthood
B. Seasons of life and life structures
C. Moral reasoning
D. Cognitive schemas
✔ Answer: B
, Explanation: Levinson described alternating stable and transitional periods
('seasons') that shape an individual's life structure.
10. The term 'generativity' in Erikson's theory refers to:
A. Producing biological offspring only
B. Concern for establishing and guiding the next generation
C. Achieving financial success
D. Identity consolidation
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: Generativity (Stage 7) involves making contributions that will
outlast oneself—through parenting, mentoring, or creative work.
11. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which need must be satisfied first?
A. Safety
B. Belonging
C. Physiological
D. Esteem
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: Physiological needs (food, water, shelter, sleep) form the base of
Maslow's hierarchy and must be met before higher needs.
12. The concept of 'crystallized intelligence' refers to:
A. Speed of information processing
B. Accumulated knowledge and skills
C. Working memory capacity
D. Spatial reasoning
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: Cattell distinguished fluid intelligence (novel problem-solving)
from crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and experience).
adolescence is:
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: Erikson's fifth stage (ages 12–18) centers on developing a coherent
identity versus experiencing role confusion.
2. Piaget's stage in which children develop object permanence is:
A. Preoperational
B. Concrete Operational
C. Sensorimotor
D. Formal Operational
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: Object permanence—understanding that objects exist even when
out of sight—develops during the sensorimotor stage (0–2 years).
3. Kohlberg's highest level of moral development is:
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
, C. Postconventional
D. Metaconventional
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: The postconventional level involves abstract principles of justice
and universal human rights that transcend social rules.
4. Bronfenbrenner's ecological model refers to the interaction between two
microsystems as the:
A. Exosystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Macrosystem
D. Chronosystem
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: The mesosystem comprises the linkages and processes between two
or more microsystems (e.g., home–school relationship).
5. Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' research primarily measures:
A. Temperament
B. Cognitive development
C. Attachment style
D. Peer relationships
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: Ainsworth used the Strange Situation procedure to categorize
infant attachment as secure, anxious-avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent.
6. According to Vygotsky, the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is:
A. The range of tasks a child can perform independently
B. The gap between current ability and potential with guidance
C. A fixed genetic potential
, D. The highest cognitive stage achievable
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: The ZPD is the distance between what a learner can do alone and
what they can achieve with skilled guidance or collaboration.
7. The concept of 'scaffolding' in education is most closely associated with:
A. Piaget
B. Skinner
C. Vygotsky
D. Erikson
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: Scaffolding—temporary support provided to learners within the
ZPD—flows directly from Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.
8. Baumrind's authoritative parenting style is characterized by:
A. High warmth and high control
B. Low warmth and high control
C. High warmth and low control
D. Low warmth and low control
✔ Answer: A
Explanation: Authoritative parents combine responsiveness (warmth) with firm,
consistent demandingness (control), producing the best child outcomes.
9. Levinson's theory of adult development emphasizes:
A. Attachment bonds in adulthood
B. Seasons of life and life structures
C. Moral reasoning
D. Cognitive schemas
✔ Answer: B
, Explanation: Levinson described alternating stable and transitional periods
('seasons') that shape an individual's life structure.
10. The term 'generativity' in Erikson's theory refers to:
A. Producing biological offspring only
B. Concern for establishing and guiding the next generation
C. Achieving financial success
D. Identity consolidation
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: Generativity (Stage 7) involves making contributions that will
outlast oneself—through parenting, mentoring, or creative work.
11. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which need must be satisfied first?
A. Safety
B. Belonging
C. Physiological
D. Esteem
✔ Answer: C
Explanation: Physiological needs (food, water, shelter, sleep) form the base of
Maslow's hierarchy and must be met before higher needs.
12. The concept of 'crystallized intelligence' refers to:
A. Speed of information processing
B. Accumulated knowledge and skills
C. Working memory capacity
D. Spatial reasoning
✔ Answer: B
Explanation: Cattell distinguished fluid intelligence (novel problem-solving)
from crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and experience).
