Nursing Diagnosis Handbook – 2-in-1 Guide to EKG Interpretation & Lab Values
| Diagnoses, Interventions & Outcomes | Quick & Easy Techniques for Nursing Students
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
EKG INTERPRETATION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. ANATOMY OF THE HEART
HEART CHAMBERS
HEART VALVES
LAYERS OF THE HEART
THE CORONARY CIRCULATION
ANATOMICAL RELATIONS
SURFACES OF THE HEART
BORDERS OF THE HEART
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
SA Node
Internodal Pathways
The AV node
The Bundle of His
The Left Bundle Branch
The Right Bundle Branch
The Left Anterior Fascicle (LAF)
The Left Posterior Fascicle (LPF)
The Purkinje System
ELECTROLYTES
Phase 4 (Resting Potential)
Threshold Potential
Phase 0
Depolarization
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
CHAPTER 2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
CONCEPTS OF PRELOAD, EJECTION FRACTION AND CARDIAC OUTPUT
Preload
Stroke Volume
Ejection Fraction
Cardiac Output
Afterload
CONCEPTS OF VELOCITY, AREA, RESISTANCE AND FLOW
Auto-Regulation of Blood Flow
Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow
Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits
Resistance in Series Circuit
Resistance in Parallel Circuit
Relationship Between Contractility & Preload
CHAPTER 3. DEFINITIONS
DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION
ACTION POTENTIAL
REFRACTORY PERIOD
CHAPTER 4. BLOOD PRESSURE
HYPERTENSION
Etiology
, Clinical Presentation
Management
CHAPTER 5. NOTES ON BLOOD
MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION
CHAPTER 6. EKG
WHAT IS THE EKG?
WHAT IS IT FOR?
WHAT ARE LEADS USED FOR?
UNDERSTANDING CHEST LEADS
CONTIGUOUS LEADS IN ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION
TYPES OF EKG
CHAPTER 7. EXECUTION
ECG TOOLS
Calipers
ECG Ruler
POSITIONING OF THE PATIENT
POSITIONING OF THE ELECTRODES
POSITIONING OF CHEST ELECTRODES
ECG TRACE
ECG Paper
Speed
Standardization
CHAPTER 8. THE ECG COMPLEX
PRIME WAVES
THE P WAVE
The TP Wave
The PR Segment
The PR Interval
THE QRS COMPLEX
Q WAVE
INTRINSICOID DEFLECTION
THE ST SEGMENT
THE T WAVE
THE QT INTERVAL
THE U WAVE
THE R-R INTERVAL
THE P-P INTERVAL
BASELINE
EINTHOVEN'S TRIANGLE
RATE
RHYTHM
Measuring Rhythm
Bradycardia
AXIS
CHAPTER 9. HOW TO READ AN ECG TRACE
STEPS IN ECG INTERPRETATION
STEPS IN 12 LEAD ECG INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER 10. HOW TO DETERMINE HEART RATE
CHAPTER 11. ARRHYTHMIAS IN THE ECG
NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM
SINUS BRADYCARDIA
SINUS TACHYCARDIA
, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
ATRIAL FLUTTER
ATRIAL OR SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
EXTRASYSTOLES
Atrial Ectopics / Supra-Ventricular Extrasystole
Ventricular Ectopics / Ventricular Extrasystole
Polymorphic or Multifocal vVntricular Ectopics / Extrasystoles
BAV: ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK
I Degree
II Degree
III Grade
Left and Right Branch Block
PEA: Pulseless Electrical Activity
Asystole
SCA / STEMI / NSTEMI
Pacemaker
Torsade de Pointes
CHAPTER 12. EXERCISES IN ECG
INTERPRETATION
CONCLUSION
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
Components
Approach
LAB VALUES INTERPRETATION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO LAB VALUES
WHAT ARE NORMAL LAB VALUES?
How Reference Ranges Are Created
Different Labs, Different Reference Ranges
Advantages of Reference Ranges
Drawbacks of Reference Ranges
Outside-the-Range Values
Normal Lab Values vs. Optimal Values
CHAPTER 2: BASIC CHEMISTRY PANEL
CALCIUM (CA)
Test Overview
Why the Test Is Done
How the Test Is Done
Results
CHLORIDE (CL)
Test Overview
Why the Test Is Done
How the Test Is Done
Results
SODIUM (NA)
Test Overview
Why the Test Is Done
| Diagnoses, Interventions & Outcomes | Quick & Easy Techniques for Nursing Students
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
EKG INTERPRETATION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. ANATOMY OF THE HEART
HEART CHAMBERS
HEART VALVES
LAYERS OF THE HEART
THE CORONARY CIRCULATION
ANATOMICAL RELATIONS
SURFACES OF THE HEART
BORDERS OF THE HEART
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
SA Node
Internodal Pathways
The AV node
The Bundle of His
The Left Bundle Branch
The Right Bundle Branch
The Left Anterior Fascicle (LAF)
The Left Posterior Fascicle (LPF)
The Purkinje System
ELECTROLYTES
Phase 4 (Resting Potential)
Threshold Potential
Phase 0
Depolarization
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
CHAPTER 2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
CONCEPTS OF PRELOAD, EJECTION FRACTION AND CARDIAC OUTPUT
Preload
Stroke Volume
Ejection Fraction
Cardiac Output
Afterload
CONCEPTS OF VELOCITY, AREA, RESISTANCE AND FLOW
Auto-Regulation of Blood Flow
Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow
Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits
Resistance in Series Circuit
Resistance in Parallel Circuit
Relationship Between Contractility & Preload
CHAPTER 3. DEFINITIONS
DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION
ACTION POTENTIAL
REFRACTORY PERIOD
CHAPTER 4. BLOOD PRESSURE
HYPERTENSION
Etiology
, Clinical Presentation
Management
CHAPTER 5. NOTES ON BLOOD
MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION
CHAPTER 6. EKG
WHAT IS THE EKG?
WHAT IS IT FOR?
WHAT ARE LEADS USED FOR?
UNDERSTANDING CHEST LEADS
CONTIGUOUS LEADS IN ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION
TYPES OF EKG
CHAPTER 7. EXECUTION
ECG TOOLS
Calipers
ECG Ruler
POSITIONING OF THE PATIENT
POSITIONING OF THE ELECTRODES
POSITIONING OF CHEST ELECTRODES
ECG TRACE
ECG Paper
Speed
Standardization
CHAPTER 8. THE ECG COMPLEX
PRIME WAVES
THE P WAVE
The TP Wave
The PR Segment
The PR Interval
THE QRS COMPLEX
Q WAVE
INTRINSICOID DEFLECTION
THE ST SEGMENT
THE T WAVE
THE QT INTERVAL
THE U WAVE
THE R-R INTERVAL
THE P-P INTERVAL
BASELINE
EINTHOVEN'S TRIANGLE
RATE
RHYTHM
Measuring Rhythm
Bradycardia
AXIS
CHAPTER 9. HOW TO READ AN ECG TRACE
STEPS IN ECG INTERPRETATION
STEPS IN 12 LEAD ECG INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER 10. HOW TO DETERMINE HEART RATE
CHAPTER 11. ARRHYTHMIAS IN THE ECG
NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM
SINUS BRADYCARDIA
SINUS TACHYCARDIA
, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
ATRIAL FLUTTER
ATRIAL OR SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
EXTRASYSTOLES
Atrial Ectopics / Supra-Ventricular Extrasystole
Ventricular Ectopics / Ventricular Extrasystole
Polymorphic or Multifocal vVntricular Ectopics / Extrasystoles
BAV: ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK
I Degree
II Degree
III Grade
Left and Right Branch Block
PEA: Pulseless Electrical Activity
Asystole
SCA / STEMI / NSTEMI
Pacemaker
Torsade de Pointes
CHAPTER 12. EXERCISES IN ECG
INTERPRETATION
CONCLUSION
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
Components
Approach
LAB VALUES INTERPRETATION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO LAB VALUES
WHAT ARE NORMAL LAB VALUES?
How Reference Ranges Are Created
Different Labs, Different Reference Ranges
Advantages of Reference Ranges
Drawbacks of Reference Ranges
Outside-the-Range Values
Normal Lab Values vs. Optimal Values
CHAPTER 2: BASIC CHEMISTRY PANEL
CALCIUM (CA)
Test Overview
Why the Test Is Done
How the Test Is Done
Results
CHLORIDE (CL)
Test Overview
Why the Test Is Done
How the Test Is Done
Results
SODIUM (NA)
Test Overview
Why the Test Is Done
