Chamberlain NR 566 Midterm & Final Study Guide (2026) –
Pharmacology Chamberlain Universit, Exams of Nursing
With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers
(Verified Answers) |Already Graded A+
effects do amphetamines have? - ANSWER//Cardiovascular effects occur
secondary to release of NE from sympathetic neurons. How does
norepinephrine (NE) affect the heart? - ANSWER//NE acts in the heart to
increase heart rate, atrioventricular conduction, and force of contraction. What
can excessive cardiac stimulation from amphetamines cause? -
ANSWER//Excessive cardiac stimulation can cause dysrhythmias. What
effect does norepinephrine (NE) have on blood vessels? - ANSWER//NE
promotes constriction in blood vessels. What can excessive vasoconstriction
from amphetamines lead to? - ANSWER//Excessive vasoconstriction can
cause hypertension. What effect do stimulants have on heart rate and blood
pressure at recommended doses? - ANSWER//They produce a small
increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Are the increases in heart rate and
blood pressure from stimulants clinically significant for most patients? -
ANSWER//No, they lack clinical significance for most patients. What risks do
stimulants pose for patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease? -
ANSWER//They may cause dysrhythmias, anginal pain, or hypertension. How
should amphetamines be used in patients with preexisting cardiovascular
disease? - ANSWER//They must be employed with extreme caution. What
should be done if a patient develops cardiovascular symptoms while using a
stimulant? - ANSWER//The patient should be evaluated immediately. Is there
data showing that limiting stimulant use in children with heart defects protects
them from sudden death? - ANSWER//No, there are no data showing that. Is
there data showing that screening for heart disease with an ECG before
starting stimulants is beneficial? - ANSWER//No, there are no data showing
that it is beneficial. Are routine ECGs necessary before starting a child on
stimulant therapy without evidence of heart disease? - ANSWER//No, routine
ECGs are unnecessary in that case. When might an ECG be appropriate
before starting stimulant therapy? - ANSWER//If there is evidence of heart
disease or hereditary cardiovascular defects. What is a consequence of
chronic amphetamine use? - ANSWER//It produces physical dependence.
What happens if amphetamines are abruptly withdrawn from a dependent
person? - ANSWER//An abstinence syndrome will ensue. What are some
symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal? - ANSWER//Exhaustion, depression,
prolonged sleep, excessive eating, and craving for more amphetamine. How
long may sleep patterns take to normalize after amphetamine withdrawal? -
ANSWER//Months. What is a therapeutic use of amphetamines? -
ANSWER//Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) What disorder is
characterized by daytime somnolence and uncontrollable attacks of sleep? -
ANSWER//Narcolepsy How do amphetamines help with narcolepsy? -
ANSWER//By stimulating the CNS, amphetamines promote arousal and
alleviate symptoms. What are the mainstay drugs for ADHD therapy? -
ANSWER//Stimulant drugs Name a few stimulant drugs with proven efficacy
for ADHD. - ANSWER//Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta),
dexmethylphenidate (Focalin), dextroamphetamine-amphetamine mixture
,(Adderall), lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) Is there data to support the use of
one stimulant over another for ADHD? - ANSWER//No, there are no data to
support use of one stimulant over another. What should be done if one
stimulant for ADHD is ineffective? - ANSWER//Another stimulant should be
tried before considering a second-line agent. What effects can stimulant drugs
have on children with ADHD? - ANSWER//They can increase attention span
and goal-oriented behavior while decreasing impulsiveness, distractibility,
hyperactivity, and restlessness. How do stimulant drugs affect cognitive
function in children with ADHD? - ANSWER//Tests of cognitive function
(memory, reading, arithmetic) often improve significantly. What happens to
the benefits of stimulant therapy in children after 2 to 3 years? -
ANSWER//The benefits can diminish. What is the purpose of stimulant
therapy in the long term for children with ADHD? - ANSWER//To buy time to
teach children behavioral strategies to help them combat inattention and
hyperactivity. How do stimulants reduce impulsiveness and hyperactivity in
children with ADHD? - ANSWER//They improve attention and focus, allowing
the child to concentrate on the task at hand. Do stimulants create positive
behavior in children with ADHD? - ANSWER//No, they only reduce negative
behavior. What are the principal adverse effects of stimulant medications? -
ANSWER//Insomnia and growth suppression. How can insomnia caused by
stimulant medications be minimized? - ANSWER//By reducing the size of the
afternoon dose and taking it no later than 4:00 PM. What causes growth
suppression in children taking stimulant medications? - ANSWER//Appetite
suppression. What are the three nonstimulants approved by the FDA for
ADHD? - ANSWER//Atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine. How do
nonstimulants compare to stimulants in terms of effectiveness for ADHD? -
ANSWER//Nonstimulants are less effective than stimulants. What is the
classification of nonstimulants in ADHD treatment? - ANSWER//They are
considered second-choice drugs. Can nonstimulants be used alone for ADHD
treatment? - ANSWER//Yes, they may be employed as monotherapy. Can
nonstimulants be used in combination with stimulants for ADHD treatment? -
ANSWER//Yes, they can be used as add-on therapy with a stimulant. Are
nonstimulants regulated as controlled substances? - ANSWER//No, unlike
stimulants, nonstimulants are not regulated as controlled substances. What is
the function of the blood-brain barrier? - ANSWER//The blood-brain barrier
impedes the entry of drugs into the brain. What types of substances can cross
the blood-brain barrier? - ANSWER//Passage across the barrier is limited to
lipid-soluble agents and to drugs that cross by way of specific transport
systems. Which types of drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? -
ANSWER//Protein-bound drugs and highly ionized drugs cannot cross. What
is one advantage of the blood-brain barrier? - ANSWER//The barrier protects
the brain from injury by potentially toxic substances. What is one
disadvantage of the blood-brain barrier? - ANSWER//It can be a significant
obstacle to the entry of therapeutic agents. How developed is the blood-brain
barrier at birth? - ANSWER//The blood-brain barrier is not fully developed at
birth. Why are infants more sensitive to CNS drugs than older children and
adults? - ANSWER//Infants are more sensitive because the blood-brain
barrier is not fully developed at birth. What is the primary function of levodopa?
- ANSWER//Levodopa reduces symptoms by increasing dopamine synthesis
in the striatum. How does levodopa enter the brain? - ANSWER//Levodopa
, enters the brain through an active transport system that carries it across the
blood-brain barrier. What happens to levodopa after it enters the brain? -
ANSWER//Levodopa undergoes uptake into the remaining dopaminergic
nerve terminals in the striatum. What is levodopa converted to in the brain? -
ANSWER//Levodopa is converted to dopamine, its active form. What role
does dopamine play after levodopa is converted? - ANSWER//Dopamine
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and Doxylamine (Unisom) - ANSWER//Two
most common H1 antagonist sleep aids What are H1 antagonists used to
treat in allergic disorders? - ANSWER//Mild allergic reactions, such as allergic
rhinitis and urticaria. What are the anticholinergic adverse effects of H1
antagonists? - ANSWER//Dry mouth and urinary retention What depressive
effects can H1 antagonists cause? - ANSWER//Sedation and impaired ability,
more common in FGA due to crossing the BBB What behavioral adverse
effects are associated with H1 antagonists? - ANSWER//Confusion and
apathy What stimulatory effects can H1 antagonists have? -
ANSWER//Muscle spasm and appetite stimulation What gastrointestinal
adverse effects can occur with H1 antagonists? - ANSWER//Discomfort What
can happen at high doses of H1 antagonists? - ANSWER//CNS seizures and
hallucinations In which populations are H1 antagonists contraindicated? -
ANSWER//Newborns, children under the age of 2, and women who are
breastfeeding. What conditions contraindicate the use of H1 antagonists? -
ANSWER//Narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, and acute
exacerbation of asthma. What is the effect of H1 antagonists on allergic
rhinitis? - ANSWER//Reduces sneezing, nasal discharge, and irritation of the
eyes, nose, and throat. What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of H1
antagonists? - ANSWER//H1 antagonists work by blocking H1 histamine
receptors. What effect do H1 antagonists have on histamine in the body? -
ANSWER//They help to reduce the effects of histamine in the body. How does
blocking histamine action affect wakefulness? - ANSWER//Blocking histamine
action can lead to sedation and help induce sleep. What is a common side
effect of H1 antagonists when used as a sleep aid? - ANSWER//Daytime
Drowsiness: Users may experience lingering sedation the next day. What are
some anticholinergic effects of H1 antagonists? - ANSWER//Dry mouth,
blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention. What CNS effects can H1
antagonists cause, particularly in older adults? - ANSWER//Dizziness,
confusion, and incoordination. What is the effect of H1 antagonists on urticaria?
- ANSWER//Diminishes redness, itching, and swelling. Which first-generation
H1 antagonists are effective for motion sickness? - ANSWER//Promethazine
and dimenhydrinate. How do certain H1 antagonists help with motion sickness?
- ANSWER//They inhibit muscarinic receptors. Why are first-generation H1
antagonists included in sleep aids? - ANSWER//For short-term management
of sleep disturbances. What are the anticholinergic effects that older adults
are more susceptible to? - ANSWER//Dizziness, confusion, and sedation.
Why should first-generation antihistamines be used cautiously in older adults?
- ANSWER//They can increase sedation and anticholinergic effects, raising
the risk of falls and accidents. What criteria advises against the use of first-
generation antihistamines in older adults? - ANSWER//Beers Criteria. What is
a concern regarding polypharmacy in older adults? - ANSWER//Increased risk
of drug interactions and cumulative side effects. What effect can first-
Pharmacology Chamberlain Universit, Exams of Nursing
With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers
(Verified Answers) |Already Graded A+
effects do amphetamines have? - ANSWER//Cardiovascular effects occur
secondary to release of NE from sympathetic neurons. How does
norepinephrine (NE) affect the heart? - ANSWER//NE acts in the heart to
increase heart rate, atrioventricular conduction, and force of contraction. What
can excessive cardiac stimulation from amphetamines cause? -
ANSWER//Excessive cardiac stimulation can cause dysrhythmias. What
effect does norepinephrine (NE) have on blood vessels? - ANSWER//NE
promotes constriction in blood vessels. What can excessive vasoconstriction
from amphetamines lead to? - ANSWER//Excessive vasoconstriction can
cause hypertension. What effect do stimulants have on heart rate and blood
pressure at recommended doses? - ANSWER//They produce a small
increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Are the increases in heart rate and
blood pressure from stimulants clinically significant for most patients? -
ANSWER//No, they lack clinical significance for most patients. What risks do
stimulants pose for patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease? -
ANSWER//They may cause dysrhythmias, anginal pain, or hypertension. How
should amphetamines be used in patients with preexisting cardiovascular
disease? - ANSWER//They must be employed with extreme caution. What
should be done if a patient develops cardiovascular symptoms while using a
stimulant? - ANSWER//The patient should be evaluated immediately. Is there
data showing that limiting stimulant use in children with heart defects protects
them from sudden death? - ANSWER//No, there are no data showing that. Is
there data showing that screening for heart disease with an ECG before
starting stimulants is beneficial? - ANSWER//No, there are no data showing
that it is beneficial. Are routine ECGs necessary before starting a child on
stimulant therapy without evidence of heart disease? - ANSWER//No, routine
ECGs are unnecessary in that case. When might an ECG be appropriate
before starting stimulant therapy? - ANSWER//If there is evidence of heart
disease or hereditary cardiovascular defects. What is a consequence of
chronic amphetamine use? - ANSWER//It produces physical dependence.
What happens if amphetamines are abruptly withdrawn from a dependent
person? - ANSWER//An abstinence syndrome will ensue. What are some
symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal? - ANSWER//Exhaustion, depression,
prolonged sleep, excessive eating, and craving for more amphetamine. How
long may sleep patterns take to normalize after amphetamine withdrawal? -
ANSWER//Months. What is a therapeutic use of amphetamines? -
ANSWER//Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) What disorder is
characterized by daytime somnolence and uncontrollable attacks of sleep? -
ANSWER//Narcolepsy How do amphetamines help with narcolepsy? -
ANSWER//By stimulating the CNS, amphetamines promote arousal and
alleviate symptoms. What are the mainstay drugs for ADHD therapy? -
ANSWER//Stimulant drugs Name a few stimulant drugs with proven efficacy
for ADHD. - ANSWER//Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta),
dexmethylphenidate (Focalin), dextroamphetamine-amphetamine mixture
,(Adderall), lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) Is there data to support the use of
one stimulant over another for ADHD? - ANSWER//No, there are no data to
support use of one stimulant over another. What should be done if one
stimulant for ADHD is ineffective? - ANSWER//Another stimulant should be
tried before considering a second-line agent. What effects can stimulant drugs
have on children with ADHD? - ANSWER//They can increase attention span
and goal-oriented behavior while decreasing impulsiveness, distractibility,
hyperactivity, and restlessness. How do stimulant drugs affect cognitive
function in children with ADHD? - ANSWER//Tests of cognitive function
(memory, reading, arithmetic) often improve significantly. What happens to
the benefits of stimulant therapy in children after 2 to 3 years? -
ANSWER//The benefits can diminish. What is the purpose of stimulant
therapy in the long term for children with ADHD? - ANSWER//To buy time to
teach children behavioral strategies to help them combat inattention and
hyperactivity. How do stimulants reduce impulsiveness and hyperactivity in
children with ADHD? - ANSWER//They improve attention and focus, allowing
the child to concentrate on the task at hand. Do stimulants create positive
behavior in children with ADHD? - ANSWER//No, they only reduce negative
behavior. What are the principal adverse effects of stimulant medications? -
ANSWER//Insomnia and growth suppression. How can insomnia caused by
stimulant medications be minimized? - ANSWER//By reducing the size of the
afternoon dose and taking it no later than 4:00 PM. What causes growth
suppression in children taking stimulant medications? - ANSWER//Appetite
suppression. What are the three nonstimulants approved by the FDA for
ADHD? - ANSWER//Atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine. How do
nonstimulants compare to stimulants in terms of effectiveness for ADHD? -
ANSWER//Nonstimulants are less effective than stimulants. What is the
classification of nonstimulants in ADHD treatment? - ANSWER//They are
considered second-choice drugs. Can nonstimulants be used alone for ADHD
treatment? - ANSWER//Yes, they may be employed as monotherapy. Can
nonstimulants be used in combination with stimulants for ADHD treatment? -
ANSWER//Yes, they can be used as add-on therapy with a stimulant. Are
nonstimulants regulated as controlled substances? - ANSWER//No, unlike
stimulants, nonstimulants are not regulated as controlled substances. What is
the function of the blood-brain barrier? - ANSWER//The blood-brain barrier
impedes the entry of drugs into the brain. What types of substances can cross
the blood-brain barrier? - ANSWER//Passage across the barrier is limited to
lipid-soluble agents and to drugs that cross by way of specific transport
systems. Which types of drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? -
ANSWER//Protein-bound drugs and highly ionized drugs cannot cross. What
is one advantage of the blood-brain barrier? - ANSWER//The barrier protects
the brain from injury by potentially toxic substances. What is one
disadvantage of the blood-brain barrier? - ANSWER//It can be a significant
obstacle to the entry of therapeutic agents. How developed is the blood-brain
barrier at birth? - ANSWER//The blood-brain barrier is not fully developed at
birth. Why are infants more sensitive to CNS drugs than older children and
adults? - ANSWER//Infants are more sensitive because the blood-brain
barrier is not fully developed at birth. What is the primary function of levodopa?
- ANSWER//Levodopa reduces symptoms by increasing dopamine synthesis
in the striatum. How does levodopa enter the brain? - ANSWER//Levodopa
, enters the brain through an active transport system that carries it across the
blood-brain barrier. What happens to levodopa after it enters the brain? -
ANSWER//Levodopa undergoes uptake into the remaining dopaminergic
nerve terminals in the striatum. What is levodopa converted to in the brain? -
ANSWER//Levodopa is converted to dopamine, its active form. What role
does dopamine play after levodopa is converted? - ANSWER//Dopamine
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and Doxylamine (Unisom) - ANSWER//Two
most common H1 antagonist sleep aids What are H1 antagonists used to
treat in allergic disorders? - ANSWER//Mild allergic reactions, such as allergic
rhinitis and urticaria. What are the anticholinergic adverse effects of H1
antagonists? - ANSWER//Dry mouth and urinary retention What depressive
effects can H1 antagonists cause? - ANSWER//Sedation and impaired ability,
more common in FGA due to crossing the BBB What behavioral adverse
effects are associated with H1 antagonists? - ANSWER//Confusion and
apathy What stimulatory effects can H1 antagonists have? -
ANSWER//Muscle spasm and appetite stimulation What gastrointestinal
adverse effects can occur with H1 antagonists? - ANSWER//Discomfort What
can happen at high doses of H1 antagonists? - ANSWER//CNS seizures and
hallucinations In which populations are H1 antagonists contraindicated? -
ANSWER//Newborns, children under the age of 2, and women who are
breastfeeding. What conditions contraindicate the use of H1 antagonists? -
ANSWER//Narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, and acute
exacerbation of asthma. What is the effect of H1 antagonists on allergic
rhinitis? - ANSWER//Reduces sneezing, nasal discharge, and irritation of the
eyes, nose, and throat. What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of H1
antagonists? - ANSWER//H1 antagonists work by blocking H1 histamine
receptors. What effect do H1 antagonists have on histamine in the body? -
ANSWER//They help to reduce the effects of histamine in the body. How does
blocking histamine action affect wakefulness? - ANSWER//Blocking histamine
action can lead to sedation and help induce sleep. What is a common side
effect of H1 antagonists when used as a sleep aid? - ANSWER//Daytime
Drowsiness: Users may experience lingering sedation the next day. What are
some anticholinergic effects of H1 antagonists? - ANSWER//Dry mouth,
blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention. What CNS effects can H1
antagonists cause, particularly in older adults? - ANSWER//Dizziness,
confusion, and incoordination. What is the effect of H1 antagonists on urticaria?
- ANSWER//Diminishes redness, itching, and swelling. Which first-generation
H1 antagonists are effective for motion sickness? - ANSWER//Promethazine
and dimenhydrinate. How do certain H1 antagonists help with motion sickness?
- ANSWER//They inhibit muscarinic receptors. Why are first-generation H1
antagonists included in sleep aids? - ANSWER//For short-term management
of sleep disturbances. What are the anticholinergic effects that older adults
are more susceptible to? - ANSWER//Dizziness, confusion, and sedation.
Why should first-generation antihistamines be used cautiously in older adults?
- ANSWER//They can increase sedation and anticholinergic effects, raising
the risk of falls and accidents. What criteria advises against the use of first-
generation antihistamines in older adults? - ANSWER//Beers Criteria. What is
a concern regarding polypharmacy in older adults? - ANSWER//Increased risk
of drug interactions and cumulative side effects. What effect can first-
