ISSA CERTIFICATION CPT EXAM FINAL PAPER
2026 TESTED QUESTIONS WITH FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Describe how the feet can affect posture Answer: Foot integrity
can affect the entire chain of alignment from legs to hips and
eventually the spine.
◉ Describe the consequences of poor posture on the resulting pelvic
tilts Answer: Anterior tilt: muscular weakness in front of pelvis and
thighs lose flexibility, while those behind are generally weak.
Posterior tilt: Weak, tight leg muscles, shortened tendons around
pelvic bones
Lateral tilt: back and hip pain as well as unbalanced gait.
◉ Which bones make up the knee? Answer: Femur, tibia, fibula,
patella
◉ Which muscles are comprised in the knee? Answer:
Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus,
,Gastrocnemius, Rectus femoris, Vastus Itermedius, Vastus lateralis,
Vastus medialis, Sartorius
◉ What are the main actions and secondary actions of the knee
joints? Answer: Extension, flexion, and Lateral rotation
◉ In what way do the quadriceps and hamstrings work collectively
in a lunge? Answer: During flexion, the hamstrings are the agonist
and the quadriceps are the antagonist and vice-versa during
extension.
◉ Which bones comprise the ankle? Answer: Fibula, tibia, talus,
calcaneus
◉ Which muscles comprise the ankle? Answer: Fibularis longus,
Extensor digitorum longus, and Extensor hallucis longus
◉ Which actions occur at the ankle joint? Answer: Plantar-flexion
and dorsiflexion
◉ Which muscle performs a role in supporting the foot arch?
Answer: Tibialis posterior
,◉ Describe the function of the spine Answer: Provides a central
column for movement, structural integrity and protects the spinal
cord, a major component of the CNS
◉ Movements of the spine Answer: Anterior flexion, extensions,
lateral flexion, and rotation
◉ What purpose do the rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis,
and obliques perform in supporting the spine? Answer: These
muscles prevent hyperextension and enable spinal flexion.
◉ What purpose does the pelvis perform in connection to the
"trunk" and lower extremities? Answer: It anchors the large
musculoskeletal groups of the trunk and lower body while
protecting many vital organs.
◉ Describe the connection between the abdominal muscles and hip
flexors Answer: Abdominal and hip flexor muscles play an
overlapping role with regards to stability with the pelvic girdle
acting as the central hub.
◉ Name the rotator cuff muscles Answer: Supraspinatus,
Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
, ◉ Which bones comprise the shoulder girdle? Answer: Clavicle,
Scapula, Acromion, Humerus, Supraspinous fossa
◉ Which scapula movement is the shoulder girdle responsible for?
Answer: Abduction
Flexion
Extension
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
Scapular Plane Abduction
Horizontal Adduction
◉ What muscles work as the primary movers of the arm at the
shoulder joint? Answer: Pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, biceps
brachii, anterior fibres of the deltoid, latissimus dorsi and teres
major, long head of triceps, posterior fibres of the deltoid.
◉ Shoulder impingement may occur from the pinching of which
tendon? What exercise should be avoided as a result? Answer:
Supraspinatus tendon. Throwing exercises should be done with
caution or not at all.
◉ In what way do the shoulder girdle and shoulder operate mutually
during movement? Answer: The shoulder joint moves the arm while
2026 TESTED QUESTIONS WITH FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Describe how the feet can affect posture Answer: Foot integrity
can affect the entire chain of alignment from legs to hips and
eventually the spine.
◉ Describe the consequences of poor posture on the resulting pelvic
tilts Answer: Anterior tilt: muscular weakness in front of pelvis and
thighs lose flexibility, while those behind are generally weak.
Posterior tilt: Weak, tight leg muscles, shortened tendons around
pelvic bones
Lateral tilt: back and hip pain as well as unbalanced gait.
◉ Which bones make up the knee? Answer: Femur, tibia, fibula,
patella
◉ Which muscles are comprised in the knee? Answer:
Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus,
,Gastrocnemius, Rectus femoris, Vastus Itermedius, Vastus lateralis,
Vastus medialis, Sartorius
◉ What are the main actions and secondary actions of the knee
joints? Answer: Extension, flexion, and Lateral rotation
◉ In what way do the quadriceps and hamstrings work collectively
in a lunge? Answer: During flexion, the hamstrings are the agonist
and the quadriceps are the antagonist and vice-versa during
extension.
◉ Which bones comprise the ankle? Answer: Fibula, tibia, talus,
calcaneus
◉ Which muscles comprise the ankle? Answer: Fibularis longus,
Extensor digitorum longus, and Extensor hallucis longus
◉ Which actions occur at the ankle joint? Answer: Plantar-flexion
and dorsiflexion
◉ Which muscle performs a role in supporting the foot arch?
Answer: Tibialis posterior
,◉ Describe the function of the spine Answer: Provides a central
column for movement, structural integrity and protects the spinal
cord, a major component of the CNS
◉ Movements of the spine Answer: Anterior flexion, extensions,
lateral flexion, and rotation
◉ What purpose do the rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis,
and obliques perform in supporting the spine? Answer: These
muscles prevent hyperextension and enable spinal flexion.
◉ What purpose does the pelvis perform in connection to the
"trunk" and lower extremities? Answer: It anchors the large
musculoskeletal groups of the trunk and lower body while
protecting many vital organs.
◉ Describe the connection between the abdominal muscles and hip
flexors Answer: Abdominal and hip flexor muscles play an
overlapping role with regards to stability with the pelvic girdle
acting as the central hub.
◉ Name the rotator cuff muscles Answer: Supraspinatus,
Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
, ◉ Which bones comprise the shoulder girdle? Answer: Clavicle,
Scapula, Acromion, Humerus, Supraspinous fossa
◉ Which scapula movement is the shoulder girdle responsible for?
Answer: Abduction
Flexion
Extension
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
Scapular Plane Abduction
Horizontal Adduction
◉ What muscles work as the primary movers of the arm at the
shoulder joint? Answer: Pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, biceps
brachii, anterior fibres of the deltoid, latissimus dorsi and teres
major, long head of triceps, posterior fibres of the deltoid.
◉ Shoulder impingement may occur from the pinching of which
tendon? What exercise should be avoided as a result? Answer:
Supraspinatus tendon. Throwing exercises should be done with
caution or not at all.
◉ In what way do the shoulder girdle and shoulder operate mutually
during movement? Answer: The shoulder joint moves the arm while
