SLCC 2420 PHYSIOLOGY
GREEN SPRING TEST
BANK 2026 FINAL
EXAMINATION
QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology & Homeostasis
Question 1
Approximately how many cells are in the human body?
A) 1 trillion
B) 10 trillion
C) 37 trillion
D) 100 trillion
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: C) 37 trillion
Rationale: The human body contains approximately 37 trillion cells. This staggering
number reflects the complexity of human physiology. In comparison, the nervous
,system alone contains about 1 trillion cells, with glial cells making up
approximately 90% of that total .
Question 2
What is the correct hierarchical order of structural organization in the body?
A) Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
B) Tissue → Cell → Organ → Organ System → Organism
C) Cell → Organ → Tissue → Organ System → Organism
D) Organ → Tissue → Cell → Organ System → Organism
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: A) Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
Rationale: The organizational levels of the body progress from simplest to most
complex: cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs work
together in organ systems, and organ systems integrate to form the organism. This
hierarchy is fundamental to understanding how physiological functions are integrated .
Question 3
Which of the following correctly describes the internal and external environments of the
body?
A) The internal environment refers to the air in the lungs; the external environment
refers to the blood
B) The internal environment is the immediate environment of most cells (plasma and
interstitial fluid); the external environment includes skin and lumens open to the outside
C) The internal environment includes only the intracellular fluid; the external
environment includes all extracellular fluid
D) Both environments are identical in composition
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: B) The internal environment is the immediate
environment of most cells (plasma and interstitial fluid); the external environment
includes skin and lumens open to the outside
,Rationale: The internal environment consists of the plasma and interstitial fluid that
bathe cells. The external environment includes the skin surface and lumens of
organs that have contact with the outside world (such as the digestive tract and lungs).
Understanding this distinction is crucial for comprehending how the body maintains
homeostasis .
Question 4
What is the primary mechanism by which the body maintains homeostasis?
A) Positive feedback
B) Negative feedback
C) Feedforward regulation
D) Homeostatic imbalance
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: B) Negative feedback
Rationale: Negative feedback is the main mechanism used to maintain homeostasis. It
works by acting opposite to the direction of change to return the variable to its
normal set point. For example, if body temperature rises, negative feedback mechanisms
activate cooling responses to lower it back to normal .
Question 5
What are the three essential components of a feedback loop?
A) Receptor, Brain, Muscle
B) Sensor, Integrating Center, Effector
C) Stimulus, Response, Outcome
D) Input, Processing, Output
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: B) Sensor, Integrating Center, Effector
Rationale: A feedback loop requires three components: sensors (detect changes),
an integrating center (compares the signal to a set point), and effectors (produce
, responses to correct the deviation). This system allows the body to maintain stability
despite external changes .
Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body
Question 6
Which type of bond involves the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms,
generating two oppositely charged ions?
A) Nonpolar covalent bond
B) Polar covalent bond
C) Hydrogen bond
D) Ionic bond
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: D) Ionic bond
Rationale: An ionic bond involves the complete transfer of valence electrons from a
metal to a nonmetal, creating a positively charged cation and a negatively charged
anion. This contrasts with covalent bonds where electrons are shared .
Question 7
Which type of molecule is characterized by being nonpolar and hydrophobic, composed
primarily of hydrogen and carbon atoms?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: C) Lipids
Rationale: Lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic (water-fearing). They are composed
primarily of hydrogen and carbon atoms. This property makes them ideal for forming
GREEN SPRING TEST
BANK 2026 FINAL
EXAMINATION
QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology & Homeostasis
Question 1
Approximately how many cells are in the human body?
A) 1 trillion
B) 10 trillion
C) 37 trillion
D) 100 trillion
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: C) 37 trillion
Rationale: The human body contains approximately 37 trillion cells. This staggering
number reflects the complexity of human physiology. In comparison, the nervous
,system alone contains about 1 trillion cells, with glial cells making up
approximately 90% of that total .
Question 2
What is the correct hierarchical order of structural organization in the body?
A) Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
B) Tissue → Cell → Organ → Organ System → Organism
C) Cell → Organ → Tissue → Organ System → Organism
D) Organ → Tissue → Cell → Organ System → Organism
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: A) Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
Rationale: The organizational levels of the body progress from simplest to most
complex: cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs work
together in organ systems, and organ systems integrate to form the organism. This
hierarchy is fundamental to understanding how physiological functions are integrated .
Question 3
Which of the following correctly describes the internal and external environments of the
body?
A) The internal environment refers to the air in the lungs; the external environment
refers to the blood
B) The internal environment is the immediate environment of most cells (plasma and
interstitial fluid); the external environment includes skin and lumens open to the outside
C) The internal environment includes only the intracellular fluid; the external
environment includes all extracellular fluid
D) Both environments are identical in composition
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: B) The internal environment is the immediate
environment of most cells (plasma and interstitial fluid); the external environment
includes skin and lumens open to the outside
,Rationale: The internal environment consists of the plasma and interstitial fluid that
bathe cells. The external environment includes the skin surface and lumens of
organs that have contact with the outside world (such as the digestive tract and lungs).
Understanding this distinction is crucial for comprehending how the body maintains
homeostasis .
Question 4
What is the primary mechanism by which the body maintains homeostasis?
A) Positive feedback
B) Negative feedback
C) Feedforward regulation
D) Homeostatic imbalance
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: B) Negative feedback
Rationale: Negative feedback is the main mechanism used to maintain homeostasis. It
works by acting opposite to the direction of change to return the variable to its
normal set point. For example, if body temperature rises, negative feedback mechanisms
activate cooling responses to lower it back to normal .
Question 5
What are the three essential components of a feedback loop?
A) Receptor, Brain, Muscle
B) Sensor, Integrating Center, Effector
C) Stimulus, Response, Outcome
D) Input, Processing, Output
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: B) Sensor, Integrating Center, Effector
Rationale: A feedback loop requires three components: sensors (detect changes),
an integrating center (compares the signal to a set point), and effectors (produce
, responses to correct the deviation). This system allows the body to maintain stability
despite external changes .
Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body
Question 6
Which type of bond involves the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms,
generating two oppositely charged ions?
A) Nonpolar covalent bond
B) Polar covalent bond
C) Hydrogen bond
D) Ionic bond
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: D) Ionic bond
Rationale: An ionic bond involves the complete transfer of valence electrons from a
metal to a nonmetal, creating a positively charged cation and a negatively charged
anion. This contrasts with covalent bonds where electrons are shared .
Question 7
Which type of molecule is characterized by being nonpolar and hydrophobic, composed
primarily of hydrogen and carbon atoms?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids
Correct ✔✔✔ANSW✔✔: C) Lipids
Rationale: Lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic (water-fearing). They are composed
primarily of hydrogen and carbon atoms. This property makes them ideal for forming
