CONTENTS
Great events in immunology history..…..…………………… 6
Immune system……………………………………………… 7
Antigens…………………………………………………….. 19
Antibodies…………………………………………………... 22
Monoclonal antibodies …………………………….............. 28
Major Histocompatibility Complex………………………… 30
Lymphoid cells……………………………………………... 36
T-lymphocytes……………………………………………… 37
B-lymphocytes……………………………………………… 43
Assays for Human lymphocytes……………………………. 45
Cells of innate immunity.…………………………………… 48
Natural killer cells….………………………………………. 48
Phagocytic cells………………..…………………………… 50
Antigen presenting cells……………………………………. 56
Cytokines…………………………………………………… 59
Complement system………………………………………… 76
Inflammation……………………………………………….. 85
Innate and adaptive immunity……………………………... 93
Cytotoxic reactions…………………………………………. 106
Immunology of transplantation ……………………………. 109
Immunology of blood transfusion …………………………. 119
Immune system development …………………………….... 131
Antitumor immunity ………………………………………. 136
Immunity during pregnancy ……………………………….. 146
Antiinfectious immunity……………………………………… 154
Bibliography………………………………………………... 165
,2
, GREAT EVENTS IN IMMUNOLOGY HISTORY
The immunology is a young partition of medicine; the development
beginning falls into to the extremity of a XVIIIth century and is bound to
Edward Jenner's name which has proved a method
of vaccination against natural smallpox.
Principles of infectious diseases preventive
maintenance were formulated in the works by L.
Pasteur. Immunology development descended within
the limits of microbiology and concerned only
studying of organism immunity to infectious agents
long time.
E. Jenner
Attempts of finding-out of the mechanisms causing
fastness of an organism against
microbes, have crowned
making of two theories of
immunity – phagocytic I.I.
Mechnikov formulated in 1887,
and humoral, put forward in
1901 P. Ehrlich, which in the
occurrence stood on opposing
positions.
I.I. Mechnikov L. Pasteur
The beginning of the XX-th century– is the time of occurrence of
other branch of an immunologic science – non infectious immunology.
The new stage of immunology development is bound first of all to a name
3
, of outstanding Australian scientist M.F. Bernet
which has studied a lymphocyte as the basic
participant of specific immune reacting, having
entitled it "immunocyte", has framed the clone-
selection theory of immunodefence (one clone of
lymphocytes is capable to react only to one concrete,
antigenic, specific to a determinant). P .
Ehrlich
Bernet has predicted, and Englishman Peter Medavar and Czech
Milan Gashek have experimentally confirmed a tolerance state. These
discovering have laid down in the basis of developing transplantation
immunology.
Nowadays Immunology integrates practically into all ranges of
biology and medicine.
Appearance of such partitions of immunology, as immunogenetics,
immunophysiology, immunochemistry, immunomorphology, molecular
immunology, transplantation immunology, genesial immunology,
immunopathology (allergy, autoimmune disease, and etc.),
oncoimmunology, immunohematology became quite natural consequence
of this connection.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Immune system consists of many structurally and functionally
diverse organs and tissues that are widely dispersed throughout the body.
Besides, the immune system comprises lymphocytes, accessory cells
(macrophages and antigen-presenting cells), and in some tissues, epithelial
cells.
The organs of the immune system can be classified on the basis of
functional difference as primary (or central) and secondary (or peripheral)
lymphoid organs (Fig. 1).
4
Great events in immunology history..…..…………………… 6
Immune system……………………………………………… 7
Antigens…………………………………………………….. 19
Antibodies…………………………………………………... 22
Monoclonal antibodies …………………………….............. 28
Major Histocompatibility Complex………………………… 30
Lymphoid cells……………………………………………... 36
T-lymphocytes……………………………………………… 37
B-lymphocytes……………………………………………… 43
Assays for Human lymphocytes……………………………. 45
Cells of innate immunity.…………………………………… 48
Natural killer cells….………………………………………. 48
Phagocytic cells………………..…………………………… 50
Antigen presenting cells……………………………………. 56
Cytokines…………………………………………………… 59
Complement system………………………………………… 76
Inflammation……………………………………………….. 85
Innate and adaptive immunity……………………………... 93
Cytotoxic reactions…………………………………………. 106
Immunology of transplantation ……………………………. 109
Immunology of blood transfusion …………………………. 119
Immune system development …………………………….... 131
Antitumor immunity ………………………………………. 136
Immunity during pregnancy ……………………………….. 146
Antiinfectious immunity……………………………………… 154
Bibliography………………………………………………... 165
,2
, GREAT EVENTS IN IMMUNOLOGY HISTORY
The immunology is a young partition of medicine; the development
beginning falls into to the extremity of a XVIIIth century and is bound to
Edward Jenner's name which has proved a method
of vaccination against natural smallpox.
Principles of infectious diseases preventive
maintenance were formulated in the works by L.
Pasteur. Immunology development descended within
the limits of microbiology and concerned only
studying of organism immunity to infectious agents
long time.
E. Jenner
Attempts of finding-out of the mechanisms causing
fastness of an organism against
microbes, have crowned
making of two theories of
immunity – phagocytic I.I.
Mechnikov formulated in 1887,
and humoral, put forward in
1901 P. Ehrlich, which in the
occurrence stood on opposing
positions.
I.I. Mechnikov L. Pasteur
The beginning of the XX-th century– is the time of occurrence of
other branch of an immunologic science – non infectious immunology.
The new stage of immunology development is bound first of all to a name
3
, of outstanding Australian scientist M.F. Bernet
which has studied a lymphocyte as the basic
participant of specific immune reacting, having
entitled it "immunocyte", has framed the clone-
selection theory of immunodefence (one clone of
lymphocytes is capable to react only to one concrete,
antigenic, specific to a determinant). P .
Ehrlich
Bernet has predicted, and Englishman Peter Medavar and Czech
Milan Gashek have experimentally confirmed a tolerance state. These
discovering have laid down in the basis of developing transplantation
immunology.
Nowadays Immunology integrates practically into all ranges of
biology and medicine.
Appearance of such partitions of immunology, as immunogenetics,
immunophysiology, immunochemistry, immunomorphology, molecular
immunology, transplantation immunology, genesial immunology,
immunopathology (allergy, autoimmune disease, and etc.),
oncoimmunology, immunohematology became quite natural consequence
of this connection.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Immune system consists of many structurally and functionally
diverse organs and tissues that are widely dispersed throughout the body.
Besides, the immune system comprises lymphocytes, accessory cells
(macrophages and antigen-presenting cells), and in some tissues, epithelial
cells.
The organs of the immune system can be classified on the basis of
functional difference as primary (or central) and secondary (or peripheral)
lymphoid organs (Fig. 1).
4
