BIOD102/ BIOD 102 Essential Biology II Module 4 V2 | Latest Updated Q&A 2026/ 2027 | Verified Answers | Grade A+ (Portage)

BIOD102/ BIOD 102 Essential Biology II Module 4 V2 | Latest Updated Q&A 2026/ 2027 | Verified Answers | Grade A+ (Portage) Q: The population growth curve in the diagram below shows an s-shaped curve. What kind of pattern is shown? A. Linear B. Exponential C. Logistic D. Natural Logistic Q: What term is used to describe the very close relationships that include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism? A. Communointeractions B. Symbiosis C. Biogeochemical cycles D. Food webs Symbiosis Q: The population curve below shows two species who share a habitat. One Species, Species B, has a greater population size. Species A, has a lower population size. Which of the species is the predator in this relationship, if it takes a large number of prey to support one predator? A. Species A B. Species B C. Both are predators D. Neither are predators Species A Q: According to the natural population growth model we see in nearly all species, humans can expect to have a population "crash" at some point in the future. How can humans "humanely" increase the Earth's carrying capacity to allow a larger sustainable human population? A. Make more water on the planet. B. Increase the amount of food we can produce. C. Completely stop having babies. D. Allow diseases to kill more people. Increase the amount of food we produce Q: When two different species compete with each other for a limited resource, how are the two species affected? A. Both species are harmed. B. One species is harmed, the other is benefited. C. Both species benefit from competition. D. One benefits, the other is not affected. Both species are harmed Q: The diagram at the right shows plants that grown on branches of trees in a rainforest. The plants are called "epiphytes." As far as we can tell, they do no harm to the tree, and bring it no benefits. What type of interaction is this? A. Parasitism B. Predation C. Mutualism D. Commensalism Commensalism Q: What is a "population?" (as the term is used in ecology) A. A group of ALL living things in an area. B. The number of individuals in a species. C. A group of individuals from one species that share an area. D. The number of different species that inhabits an ecosystem. A group of individuals from one species that share an area Q: On the s-shaped growth curve below, what does the dotted line, at value of the population size where growth levels off, represent? A. Population size of a competitor. B. The level at which the perch would go extinct. C. The "normal" level for this species. D. The carrying capacity (K) for their habitat. The carrying capacity (K) for their habitat Q: What do we call the trophic level that eats Herbivores? A. Decomposers B. Tertiary Consumers C. Primary Consumers D. Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers Q: In the Nitrogen Cycle, what kind of plants help replace nitrates in the soil? A. All plants! B. Coniferous C. Legumes D. Grains Legumes Q: What do we call the trophic level that eats autotrophs? A. Decomposers B. Tertiary Consumers C. Primary Consumers D. Producers Primary Consumers Q: In the Phosphorus Cycle, what process returns phosphorus to the soil? (completed by the fungi in the lower right corner of the diagram) A. Photosynthesis B. Phosphodegeneration C. Consumption D. Decomposition Decomposition Q: What is the source of energy that drives ALL biogeochemical cycles? A. The heat from the Earth's core. B. The heat generated by burning food in cells. C. The sun. D. The energy stored in ATP. The sun Q: In the diagram below, how many kilograms of grass would it take to support a biomass of 20 kg of hawk? A. 20 kg B. 300 kg C. 4,000 kg D. 20,000 kg 20,000 kg Q: Matter broken down by decomposers becomes... A. The nutrients in the soil used by plants. B. Energy lost into space. C. Trapped in rocks forever. D. The biomass in tertiary consumers. The nutrients in the soil used by plants Q: What product can you buy for your garden that is part of the Phosphate Cycle? A. Nitrogen fertilizer B. Composted manure C. Guano D. Peat moss Guano Q: What do we call the dry weight of all the organisms in a specific trophic level? A. Decomposition B. Biomass C. Energy level D. Trophorespiration Biomass Q: What percentage of biomass from each trophic level is passed on to the next higher level. The diagram below shows an example of a energy/biomass pyramid, in order from bottom to top, showing grass, mice, snakes and hawk. A. 10% B. 50% C. 25% D. 90% 10% Q: Which aquatic biome is considered "brackish?" A. Rivers and Streams B. Lakes and Ponds C. Estuaries D. Oceans and Intertidal zones Estuaries Q: The biome type that is typically at 30 degree latitudes is: A. Deserts B. Rainforests Deserts Q: As the climate changes what is one thing that is NOT expected to happen to plant populations? A. Plants distributions will expand northward to cooler climates, and will go extinct in areas with warmer climates B. Flowering plants will bloom earlier, possibly blooming before their pollinators emerge C. Flowering plants will die earlier, because of the increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Flowering plants will die earlier, because of the increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Q: What is NOT one way that deforestation affects climate change? A. Killing trees prevents them from taking up carbon dioxide. B. Burning trees (the typical outcome of deforestation) gives off carbon dioxide. C. Deforestation increases precipitation in an area. Deforestation increased precipitation in an area Q: What is NOT a level at which we measure biodiversity? A. Genes/Alleles in a species B. Biomes in an Area C. Species in an Ecosystem D. Biomes in a Community Biomes in the Community Q: What determines biome distribution? A. Temperature, but not precipitation B. Day length. C. Climate D. Precipitation, but not temperature. Climate Which of the following term describes a "biome?" A. All the living things in an area. B. All the living things of one species in an area. C. All the living and nonliving things in an area. D.A group of ecosystems around the globe with similar conditions and living things A group of ecosystems around the globe with similar conditions and living things Why are "invasive" species a problem in ecosystems? A. They act as parasites that damage the health of other species. B. They introduce new competition that can interfere with native food webs. C. They hunt and kill native species. D. They carry diseases that native species cannot fight off. They introduce new competition that can interfere with native food webs Where can we find the most biodiversity? A. Near the equator, in areas that are generally tropical rainforests. B. At 30 degrees latitude, in deserts. C. At 30 degrees latitude, in the eastern deciduous forest. Near the equator, in areas that are generally tropical rainforests Community diversity is made up of two components: Richness and Evenness. Which component means the number of species in an area? A. Richness B. Evenness Richness The four main characteristics of muscles are Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity Contractility means Ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated Connective tissue surrounding fascicles(groups of muscle fibers) Perimysium Connective Tissue surrounding each muscle fiber endomysium Connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle epimysium Skeletal muscles attach at Insertion and origin Name for the plasma membrane of the individual muscle fiber or cell? sarcolemma What stores glycogen in animal muscle cells Glycosomes What is the smallest contractile unit of muscles? Sarcomere Actin myofilaments thin filaments Myosin filaments have heads, extensions, and cross bridges Converts the electrical action potential into chemical signal Acetylcholine What breaks down acetylcholine? acetylcholinesterase Sarcolemma becomes less negative Depolarization The propagation of the action potential across the sarcolemma is a result of subsequent _____ gated ion channels that allow ____ to flood into the sarcolemma. Voltage/Na+ Repolarization, or restoring the electrical conditions of the resting membrane potential is achieved by: Na+/K+pump Which of these ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum interacts with troponin to allow myosin heads to attach to actin filaments and form cross bridges? Ca2+ ATP is required to break cross bridges true or false True When a muscle contracts but doesn't shorten Isometric When a muscle contracts and shortens Isotonic a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates motor unit Motor units stimulate the muscle in sync False Of the 3 phases of muscle twitch, which one involves cross bridge formation and increasing muscle tension? Period of contraction Of the 3 phases of muscle twitch, which one involves action potential being propagated along the sarcolemma, but is BEFORE the contraction occurs? Latent period Of the 3 phases of muscle twitch, which one involves calcium ions re-entering into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (away from myofilaments actin and myosin), which allows the tension to decline (to zero). Period of relaxation If stimuli are applied to the muscle in waves (low frequency) that allow a partial relaxation between each stimulus, this is called: Incomplete Tetanus If stimuli are applied to the muscle very quickly (high frequency), and allows NO relaxation between each stimulus, and the muscle reaches maximal tension, this is called: Complete Tetanus When stimulus causes no observable contractions it is called: Subthreshold Stimuli The stimulus that has enough strength to cause the first observable muscle contraction: Threshold Stimuli Muscle recruitment works on a size principle. Motor units with the ____ muscle fibers are recruited first and ____ muscle fibers are recruited next. Smaller/larger The constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles is known as: Muscle Tone Muscles consume large amounts of energy (ATP) very quickly. The MOST ATP can be generated by which process: Aerobic Respiration In this energy forming pathway, ATP is produced quickly but in smaller quantities. Anaerobic Respiration In this energy forming pathway, large amounts of ATP are produced, but in a slower manner. Oxygen is required, and carbon dioxide is produced. Aerobic Respiration Val is a distance runner on the track team. Her muscles most likely use which form of ATP generation (primarily) for her long distance races? Aerobic Respiration A muscle's physiological inability to contract, despite continued stimulation is called: Muscle fatigue When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily: refractory period For muscles to return to resting state after exercise, extra ____ is needed and is referred to as EPOC. Oxygen Oxidative fibers use ____ pathways, while glycolytic fibers use ____ pathways. Aerobic/anaerobic There are 3 types of muscle fibers: Slow oxidative, Fast oxidative, and Fast glycolytic. True or False: Most muscles contain only one of these types of muscle fibers. False Which of these becomes amitotic (nonregenerative) postnatally, but may still lengthen and thicken? (hint: they are multinucleate) Cardiac and Skeletal Which of these is a group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases that generally appears in early childhood? Muscular Dystrophy Which of these has the major responsibility for producing specific movement? Prime Mover Which of these opposes or reverses particular movement? Antagonist Which of these helps main muscles by adding extra force to the same movement? Synergist Which of these provides stability at a muscle's origin? Fixator Greatest determinant of a muscles power Number of muscle fibers The word triceps means the muscle: 3 origins Which of these is classified as a first class lever? Scissors second class lever wheelbarrow Third class lever tweezers Muscle nearest to eye Corrugated supercilli Wrinkles in forehead Epicranius frontal belly The rotator cuff muscles include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and ____ Teres minor Tennis elbow Brachioradialis An epithelial tissue that would consist of a single layer of cells would be known as what? Simple An epithelial tissue consisting of many layers of cells would be called what? Stratified Flattened or scale-like epithelial cells are described as what? Squamous Square or box-shaped epithelial cells are given what name? Cuboidal The category of connective tissue in which tendons and ligaments would be placed in? Dense/Fibrous Tendons connect? Muscles to bone Ligaments connect? Bone to bone Another name for adipose tissue would be? Fat tissue What are osteocytes? Bone cells What are chondrocytes? Cartilage cells A flexible connective tissue that would have much of the protein chondroitin in its intercellular matrix would be? Cartilage Would smooth muscle be voluntary or involuntary? Involuntary Would skeletal muscle be striated or smooth? Striated Where would cardiac muscle be found? The heart The portion of a nerve cell that carries an impulse away from the nerve cell body would be? Axon A fatty sheath found around the axon of some nerve cells that insulates and speeds up the rate of impulse would be? Myelin Sheath Within the carbohydrate family what would glucose, fructose, and galactose be considered? Monosaccharides What is the basic monomer or building block of a protein? Amino acid Saturated and unsaturated fats would belong to what class of lipids? Triglycerides Starch and glycogen would belong to what class of carbohydrates? Polysaccharides What gland is pepsin produced in? Stomach What glands is amylase produced in? Salivary gland and pancreas What gland is trypsin produced in? Pancreas What gland is lactase produced in? Small Intestine What gland is lipase produced in? Pancreas What gland is carboxypeptidase produced in? Pancreas What gland is sucrose produced in? Small Intestine Pepsin acts on? Proteins Sucrose acts on? Carbohydrates Lipase acts on? Lipids Aminopeptidase acts on? Proteins Amylase acts on? Carbohydrates Pancreatic nucleases acts on? Nucleic Acid Lactase acts on? Carbohydrates On which type of molecule does bile act as an emulsifying agent? Lipids What portion of the circulatory system carries nutrient rich blood from the intestines to the liver? Hepatic Portal system (inferior vena cava) Name two vitamins that are produced by bacterial action in the small intestines Vitamin K and B A "wave" of muscle contraction that pushed food along the digestive tract Peristalsis What gives gastric juice its acidic pH? Hydrochloric acid A mixture of food and gastric juice Chyme Where is bile stored prior to being secreted into the small intestine? Gall bladder Two membranes that surround and protect the heart Pericardium The phase in which heart muscles contract. Systole The phase in which heart muscles relax. Diastole From the right atrium, what would be the next chamber into which the blood would pass? Right Ventricle From the right ventricle, what would be the next major blood vessel into which the blood would pass? Pulmonary Artery What valve is found between the right atrium and ventricle? Tricuspid valve What valve is found at the entrance to the aorta? Aortic semilunar valve The "SA node" of the heart is commonly called what? Pacemaker Stimulation by the sympathetic system will have what effect on heart rate? It will increase it Swelling caused by fluid being retained in the tissues Edema The pressure within a capillary that is a factor of how many dissolved particles are in solution Osmotic pressure A blood disease involving an inability of the blood to clot properly Hemophilia A blood disorder characterized by a mutation of the hemoglobin molecule that caused the red blood cell to change shape Sickle cell Chronic high blood pressure Hypertension On the arterial end of a capillary if the hydrostatic pressure exceeds the osmotic pressure, then which way will water flow Out Another name for erythrocytes RBC's Another name for leucocytes WBC's A family of white blood cells that produce and secrete histamine Basophils A family of white blood cells also known as macrophages Monocytes Molecules such as albumin, fibrinogen, and antibodies found suspended in the blood are known as what name? Plasma proteins What is the function of fibrinogen? Blood clotting What is the function of albumin in the blood plasma? Osmotic balance The muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities Diaphragm Do humans have a positive pressure or negative pressure breathing system? Negative As the localized pH surrounding a capillary drops, will hemoglobin release more oxygen or hold on the the oxygen more tightly? Release more oxygen Another name for the "windpipe" Trachea A common name for alveoli. Air sacs How many molecules of oxygen can bind to 1 molecule of hemoglobin? 4 A flap that covers the trachea to prevent food from entering. Epiglottis Would the partial pressure of carbon dioxide be higher in the air or in the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli of the lungs? In the blood A molecule that is produced by cells infected by viruses that protects surrounding cells. Interferons A group of blood proteins that help various activities taking place within the immune system. Compliment proteins Macrophages and neutrophils exert their immunological effect through what mechanism. Phagocytosis Would the skin and mucous membranes be considered "specific" or "non-specific" lines of defense. Non-specific defense An antibody-generating foreign macromolecule Antigens The basic monomer of an antibody would have how many polypeptide chains? 4 In what protein family are antibodies placed? Immunoglobulins If you are actually exposed to a pathogen and suffer the symptoms of a particular disease, you might develop what type of immunity? (Two words: active or passive and natural or artificial) Active Natural Two ways that a child might acquire natural passive immunity. Placenta or breast milk An APC cell would pass the antigen along to which cell? Helper T cell An "activated B cell" that has figured out how to produce an antibody in response to a specific antigen, begins to circulate in the blood stream and is known by what name? Plasma cells What portion of the antibody structure explains the highly specific nature of antibody action? Variable Region (Top of the Y) Which two cells help to explain long term immunity? Memory T and B cells The family of antibodies that would be the most abundant in the circulatory system. IgG An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system develops antibodies against our own DNA. Lupus A type of arthritis that is now classed as an autoimmune disease. Rheumatoid Arthritis An autoimmune disorder involving the thyroid gland. Graves Disease Found on the surface of the body and organs Always protects the unifying tissue Absorbs and secretes different molecules Made up of tightly packed cells Has no vascular supply Is very thin layers of cells Cells are capable of dividing by mitosis This describes? Epithelial Tissue Tissue used for secretion and absorption Simple epithelial Tissue usually used for protection Stratified epithelial This epithelial tissue lines the air sacs of the lungs Simple squamous This epithelial tissue lines the kidneys Simple cuboidal This epithelial tissue lines the respiratory tract Pseudostratified columnar This epithelial tissue lines the intestines Simple columnar This epithelial tissue lines the esophagus Stratified squamous Contains blood, bone, cartilage, and fat (adipose tissue) Connective Tissue Found under the skin; it is liquid (water) with different proteins in the matrix like collagen, elastin, and fibrin Elastin is more stretchy Fibrin is stronger Collagen anchors the skin and allows it to stretch By changing the ratios of these proteins you can change the characteristics of the tissue Loose connective tissue What makes bones hard? The calcium carbonate and minerals found in its matrix Voluntary (can control) Striated or banned appearance Allows us to move Articulates with the bones of the body Cannot repair itself very well Does not regenerate Describes what? Skeletal muscle Involuntary (can't control) Striated or banned appearance Contractions of the heart muscle Cells have fused together; does not repair or regenerate Describes what? Cardiac muscle Involuntary (can't control) Has individual cells with individual nuclei; does not regenerate Allows for peristalsis; moving food throughout the body Every other muscles in the body Describes what? Smooth muscle Diets high in fats and cholesterol cases your arteries to be clogged by fatty plaques If it continues than the plaque begins to harden and be calcified Atherosclerosis When there is a clot or a platelet plug that is broken off and is passed along the circulatory system Embolism What is LDL? Low density lipoproteins (carries molecules) keep cholesterol in the blood and causes atherosclerosis (bad kind of cholesterol) What is HDL? High density lipoproteins that promote excretion and regulate storage (good kind of cholesterol) 5 kinds of Leukocytes Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte Monocyte A chemical mechanism that pH has on hemoglobin: if you lower the pH of the blood hemoglobin will release more oxygen into the tissues Bohr shift Order of digestion Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine One of the major end products after photosynthesis and is transported and used by plants Glucose Half of lactose or the milk sugar molecule Galactose Found in high concentration in fruits; fruit sugar Fructose Glucose and fructose joined Sucrose Galactose and glucose joined Lactose Two glucoses joined; a malt sugar that makes cereal sweet Maltose Animal starch similar structure to starch Glycogen Parts of an amino acid Amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain Incisors are used for? Cutting food Canines are used for? Shredding food Molars are used for? Crushing food What do lysozyme do in saliva? Kill bacteria What is keratin? Water proofing protein Oil glands that keep hair follicles nice and not dried out Subcutaneous glands Glands that contain water, electrolytes, salt and lysosomes to help control body temperature Sweat glands Give us an immune response to parasitic worms, they will attack flatworm and roundworm parasites they produce lysozymes that can kill or destroy small worms and irritate the larger worms Eosinophils Phagocytosis; tend to be smaller than monocytes; they circulate to get into infected tissue and cross capillaries Neutrophils Produce histamine that is a molecule that causes vasodilation and cause capillaries to get larger and they become more permeable and leakier. Basophils Phagocytosis; some are called macrophages because they are so large; found in the kidneys, liver, and thymus gland Monocytes Contain the T and B cells that are directly involved in antibody production Lymphocytes What makes it easier for the white phagocytic blood cells to engulf and eat Opsonization When your own immune system is making the antibodies Active immunity Exposed to a disease Active natural immunity Vaccination Active artificial immunity When someone of something else has made the antibodies and then you are benefiting from it Passive immunity Inject antibodies Passive artificial immunity Makes it incapable of infecting the tissue it likes to affect by blocking viral binding sites and coating the bacteria Neutralizing Forms tiny clots and take it out of solution so it cannot travel easily Agglutination Pentamer, effective in agglutinating antigens; 5 of y shaped things IgM Abundant in mucous membranes IgA Antigen receptor found on B cells membranes IgD Attach to receptors on mast cells and basophils; stimulate release of histamines; antibodies involved in the release of histamines IgE