BIOD102/ BIOD 102 Essential Biology II Module 3 (Portage) | Latest Updated Q&A 2026/ 2027 | Verified Answers | Grade A+

BIOD102/ BIOD 102 Essential Biology II Module 3 (Portage) | Latest Updated Q&A 2026/ 2027 | Verified Answers | Grade A+ Q: The closest relatives to land plants are: A.Golden algae B. Brown algae C. Green algae D. Red algae Answer Green algae Q: Which of the following is an example of a gymnosperm? A. Fern B. pine tree C. oak tree D. moss Answer pine tree Q: Where does most of the absorption of water and nutrients happen in roots? A. at the root cap and meristem B. at the root hairs near the tips of the roots C. Closest to the stem of the plant D. all areas of the root are equally capable of absorbing Answer at the root hairs near the tips of the roots Q: This route of transport in plants includes cell walls, extracellular spaces, and the interior of dead cells such as vessel elements and tracheids Answer apoplast Q: Which of the following is NOT an advantage for the evolution of plants on land? A. land provided more space than marine environments B. the water's edge was more nutrient dense C. increased CO2 levels on land D. unfiltered sunlight lead to better photosynthesis Answer land provided more space than marine environments Q: Which is dominant in the gymnosperm life cycle? A. sporophyte B. gametophyte Answer sporophyte Q: The areas of the stem where leaves are attached are known as _________, and the areas in between these attachments are known as _____________. A. Meristem/apical meristem B. shoot system/ root system C. apical bud/axillary bud D. nodes/internodes Answer nodes/internodes Q: The energy coupling of a proton pump with a carrier molecule to move solutes against the concentration gradient and across the plasma membrane is called: Answer cotransport Q: For plant cells to retain turgor pressure within the cell, a ________ external environment is necessary. Answer hypotonic Q: The area of mitosis at the top of the plant that allows for vertical growth is known as the __________. The potential areas of mitosis that can possibly form branches, thorns, or flowers is known as the __________. A. pneumatophores/buttress B. apical bud/axillary bud C. node/internode D. rhizosome/stolon Answer apical bud/axillary bud Q: Which is the main difference between ferns and gymnosperms/angiosperms? A. gametophyte vs sporophyte dominant generation B. nonvascular vs vascular tissue containing C. spore producing vs seed producing D. all of these Answer spore producing vs seed producing Q: In plants, the term alternation of generations is specifically referring to: A. gametophyte/sporophyte alteration B. Sexual/Asexual alternation C. Haploid/ diploid alteration D. Parasitic/ commensalistic alternation Answer gametophyte/sporophte alteration Q: Spores germinate into gametophytes, they do not undergo fertilization. T or F Answer True Q: What does the term dioecious mean? A. The plant has male and female reproductive organs on different individuals B. The sporophyte and gametangia of both sexes develop on the same plant C. The plant is bisexual D. The plant has both the male and female reproductive organs on one plant Answer the plant has male and female reproductive organs on different individuals Q: A modified stem that is underground that can serve as a food reserve and contains buds from which new plants can arise is known as _______ (i.e. a potato). A. a root B. a rhizome C. a tuber D. storage leaves Answer a tuber Q: When ions are pumped from root cortex cells into the xylem and water follows, the force created is called: Answer root pressure Q: Gametes (eggs and sperm) are produced within organs called gametangia. T or F Answer True Q: Gymnosperms bear ______ seeds, typically on cones. A. encapsulated B. coated C. naked D. small Answer naked Q: Where does most of the photosynthesis occur in typical plants? A. petioles B. leaves C. flowers D. stems Answer leaves Q: Transpiration is driven by the force of _________ of water through the stomata. Answer evaporation Q: The water molecules moved by transpiration stick to the tracheids and vessel elements by ___________ and to each other by __________. Answer adhesion/cohesion Q: What is the evolutionary advantage to plants creating seeds? A. they can remain dormant for years until favorable environmental conditions exist B. they have their own stored supply of food to nourish the embryo C. seeds can be transported long distances by wind, animals, flotation, etc d. all of the above Answer all of the above Q: Which of the following is not a typical function of leaves? A. dissipate of heat B. exchange of gasses C. absorbing atmospheric moisture D. defending the plant from pathogens and herbivores Answer absorbing atmospheric moisture Q: The areas in a plant that contains cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis and allow for plant growth are called: A. Growth zones B. Growth plates C. meristems D. stem cells Answer meristems Q: The waxy covering of a leaf that prevents dehydration of the leaf: A. cuticle B. sporopollenin C. cellulose D. Stomata Answer cuticle Q: Which of the following statements about gametophyte generation in angiosperms is TRUE? A. independent and dominant B. usually microscopic, dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition C. independent, photosynthetic, and free living D. dominant generation Answer usually microscopic, dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition Q: What is the purpose of a trichome? A. reflect light in very bright areas B. reduce water loss C. defend against insects D. all of these are functions of trichomes Answer all of these are functions of trichomes Leaves generally have _________ surface areas to maximize photosynthesis. Answer large Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A. extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B. colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses C. rise and diversification of angiosperms D. carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes Answer rise and diversification of angiosperms Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of monocots? A. leaf veins are parallel B. the root system is usually very fibrous C. flower organs are in multiples of four or five D. embryos have one cotyledon Answer flower organs are in multiples of four or five This type of vascular tissue conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots A. xylem B. phloem C. ground D. dermal Answer xylem Stomata opening can be triggered by: Answer increased turgor pressure, CO2 depletion, light In angiosperms, phloem sap is moved through out the plant in: Answer sieve tube elements Which of the following statements about the moss reproductive cycle is TRUE? A. Sperm are wind dispersed B. the gametophyte is dominant C. spores are asexual D. the gametophyte is diploid Answer the gametophyte is dominant what types of cells make up the xylem tissue? A. vessel elements B. tracheids and vessel elements C. tracheids D. sieve cells Answer tracheids and vessel elements Which of the following is NOT a typical monocot? A. palms B. grasses C. magnolias D. orchids Answer magnolias The difference between a moss and a fern is: A. mosses make spores while ferns make seeds B. ferns have vascular tissue while mosses do not C. mosses have vascular tissue while ferns do not D. ferns make spores while mosses make seeds Answer ferns have vascular tissue while mosses do not Which of the following dicots is found in abundance in South Carolina and has an endangered species located here in York County? A. star anise B. water lilies C. magnolias D. orchids Answer magnolias Tracheids and vessel elements are alive when fully mature and functional. T or F Answer false Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water gets recycled into the xylem. 2. Osmosis occurs into the sieve tubes. 3. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 4. Sugars are actively transported into sieve tubes. 5. Sugar moves to sugar sinks. Answer 3, 4, 2, 5, 1 The sieve cells of the phloem must have a __________ cell to perform its normal cellular functions to survive A. tracheid B. helper C. companion D. vessel element companion sieve cells are alive at maturity when they are fully functional . T or F. true Air exchange in a leaf occurs in the..... A. pallisade mesophyll B. spongy mesophyll C. vascular tissue D. cuticle spongy mesophyll What are the functions of the three main types of neurons? Sensory neurons receive information from an organism's external and internal environment and transmit the information to the brain. Interneurons are connecting neurons that are usually part of a circuit. Interneurons have the role of integrating information so that a response can occur. Motor neurons are outgoing messengers. Specifically, these neurons transmit messages from the brain to muscle fibers or glands to elicit a desired response At what part of the neuron does the cell body meet the axon? Axon hillock Describe each stage of an action potential. (1) Resting phase: During the resting phase, the gated Na+ and K+ channels are both closed, and the membrane potential is around -70 mV. (2) Depolarization: A stimulus arrives at the dendrites (not shown) and causes Na+ channels to open, which allows Na+ ions to flow into the cell down their gradient (from a high to low concentration). Note that K+ channels remain closed. A depolarization occurs causing the membrane potential to reach the threshold. (3) Rising Phase: Positive feedback causes the opening of more Na+ channels, and Na+ ions flow into the cell, causing a rapid shift in the membrane potential toward a more positive state. Notice that K+ channels are still closed. (4) Falling phase: Na+ channels become inactivated and close. Na+ is no longer flowing into the cell. K+ channels now open, and K+ flows out of the cell, making the cell more negative. (5) Undershoot: The Na+ channels remain closed, while the K+ channels remain open. This efflux of positive K+ ions brings the cell to a state that is more negative than the resting-state potential known as a hyperpolarized state What are the two main ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse? Inactivating enzymes and reuptake via neurotransmitter transport channels Which type of muscle has the main role of contracting and relaxing so that bones can be moved? Skeletal True or False: The thick filaments of a myofibril are composed of actin. False; The thin filaments are composed of action, while the thick filaments are composed of myosin Describe the sliding filament model. The sliding filament model occurs when a muscle contracts but the thick and thin filaments remains the same length while the muscle shortens. This is because actin and myosin proteins slide past each other and overlap resulting in an unsized change Which of the following ions are involved in rigor mortis? Calcium What are reflexes? Provide an example of a reflex arc. Reflexes are an involuntary response to a stimulus that do not involve a conscious thought or voluntary input. An example of a reflex arc includes the knee jerk reflex. True or False: Pacemaker cells are contained in the atrioventricular node of the heart. False; Pacemaker cells are contained in the sinoatrial (SA) node What is an electrocardiogram used for? An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is performed to measure the electrical impulses as they travel through cardiac muscle Heart rate The number of times the heart beats per minute Cardiac output the amount of blood the heart pumps each min Stroke volume the amount of blood the heart ejects with each beat What causes the "lub-dub" sound of the heart? The "lub-dub" sounds of the heart are the result of these four valves opening and closing. The initial "lub" is the sound of blood slapping into the closed AV valves. The second "dub" sound results from the slamming shut of the larger semilunar valves Describe the differences between the effects of acetylcholine on cardiac cells and the neuromuscular junction. Unlike in the neuromuscular junction, ACh within cardiac cells acts as an inhibitor where it does not bind to ligand gated receptors of cardiac cells but rather binds to the G protein coupled receptors that trigger a signal transduction pathway. In what vessels is blood pressure the lowest? venules Fill-in-the-Blank: The pressure that occurs as the artery walls recoil back to their original size is called __________ pressure. Diastolic What is the result of the fainting mechanism? Effectively, your head reaches the same level as your heart as you collapse to the ground in a lying position, and this small change in position quickly increases blood flow to your delicate brain tissue. cellular organelles are located in which part of a neuron cell body True or false: Vasoconstriction decreases the diameter of veins thereby raising the pressure within the vessels False, vasoconstriction decreases the diameter of arteries thereby raising the pressure within the vessels Which of the following muscle types is under involuntary control? Select all that apply Cardiac, smooth True or false: Diastole is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle True Which type of neurons receive information from an organisms external and internal environment a d transmit the information to the brain? Sensory Neurons Why do reflexes occur faster than voluntary movements Reflexes occur faster than voluntary movements because they do not require a conscious thought in order to respond to a stimulus What is the function of the semilunar valves? protects/ guards the 2 exits of the heart from back flow where one exit is the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle and the second exit is the aorta in the left ventricle What mechanism is responsible for maintaining adequate blood pressure? recoiling mechanism Fill-in-the-Blank: ____ appear as dark, vertical lines that are perpendicular to the horizontal thin and thick filaments. Positioned vertically, in the middle of each sarcomere is the ___, which serves as the attachment point for thick filaments. z-lines, m-lines Where does gas exchange occur within blood vessels? capillary beds True or false: The regulatory protein tropomyosin and the additional regulatory proteins that comprise the troponin complex play roles through their association with myosin false, The regulatory protein tropomyosin and the additional regulatory proteins that comprise the troponin complex play roles through their association with actin Fill-in-the-Blank: Depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane, typically caused by sodium ions, is called an _________ post-synaptic potential, whereas hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane is called an ____________ post-synaptic potential. excitatory, inhibitory What causes the undershoot phase of an action potential Na ion channel is still closed while K ion channel is open and is closing slowly resulting in an efflux of K ion and the cell becoming more negative What type or shift in a membrane's potential can result if positive ions flow into the cell or negative ions flow out? depolarization What is anatomy? physical form of an organism What does the term polarization mean when there is a difference in charge or voltage across the membrane and the inside of the cell has a negative charge and the outside has a positive charge What is a twitch one cycle of contraction and relaxation from a single stimuli Explain the difference in the effects of ACh in a neuromuscular junction and on cardiac cells ACh is considered to be very excitatory in a neuromuscular junction whereas on cardiac cells it has the opposite affect and is inhibitory What two types of conduction fibers send impulses that result in a strong, coordinated contraction of the ventricles? bundle branches and purkinje fibers What causes the "lub-dub" sounds of the heart? result of these four valves opening and closing Tetanus a prolonged contraction with no rest between stimuli Fatigue a condition in which a muscle fiber cannot be stimulated to contract Summation when stimuli are applied quickly to a motor unit and the muscle fiber relaxes partially